Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to serum 25 (OH)D group

N (%)

19,500 (100.00)

6796 (34.85)

6993 (35.86)

4993 (25.61)

718 (3.68)

Gender (%)

<0.001

 Male

9244 (47.41)

3035 (44.66)

3603 (51.52)

2326 (46.59)

280 (39.00)

 Female

10,256 (52.59)

3761 (55.34)

3390 (48.48)

2667 (53.41)

438 (61.00)

Age (years), mean (SD)

58.8 (16.26)

62.4 (15.65)

58.2 (16.14)

55.3 (16.30)

54.2 (15.77)

<0.001

Race (%)

0.000

 Mexican American

2650 (13.59)

552 (8.12)

1119 (16.00)

897 (17.97)

82 (11.42)

 Non-Hispanic White

9125 (46.79)

4387 (64.55)

3337 (47.72)

1286 (25.76)

115 (16.02)

 Non-Hispanic Black

4688 (24.04)

888 (13.07)

1364 (19.51)

1998 (40.02)

438 (61.00)

 Other Race

3037 (15.57)

969 (14.26)

1173 (16.77)

812 (16.26)

83 (11.56)

Education (%)

<0.001

 Less than high school

5606 (28.79)

1528 (22.52)

2148 (30.76)

1711 (34.32)

219 (30.54)

 High school or equivalent

4723 (24.26)

1719 (25.34)

1649 (23.61)

1178 (23.63)

177 (24.69)

 College or above

9142 (46.95)

3537 (52.14)

3187 (45.63)

2097 (42.06)

321 (44.77)

PIR (%)

<0.001

 <1.30

5651 (31.56)

1593 (25.45)

2020 (31.40)

1761 (38.70)

277 (41.91)

 1.30–3.49

6991 (39.05)

2473 (39.51)

2520 (39.17)

1735 (38.13)

263 (39.79)

 ≥3.50

5261 (29.39)

2193 (35.04)

1893 (29.43)

1054 (23.16)

121 (18.31)

BMI (%)

<0.001

 <25.0

4332 (22.75)

1898 (28.51)

1429 (20.93)

894 (18.37)

111 (16.16)

 25.0-29.9

6242 (32.79)

2363 (35.50)

2332 (34.15)

1379 (28.34)

168 (24.45)

 ≥30.0

8465 (44.46)

2396 (35.99)

3068 (44.93)

2593 (53.29)

408 (59.39)

Examination month (%)

<0.001

 November 1 through April 30

9173 (47.04)

2686 (39.52)

3224 (46.10)

2816 (56.40)

447 (62.26)

 May 1 through October 31

10,327 (52.96)

4110 (60.48)

3769 (53.90)

2177 (43.60)

271 (37.74)

Smoking (%)

<0.001

 Never smoker

9869 (50.65)

3431 (50.52)

3553 (50.85)

2545 (51.02)

340 (47.35)

 Ever smoker

3682 (18.90)

981 (14.45)

1279 (18.31)

1200 (24.06)

222 (30.92)

 Current smoker

5933 (30.45)

2379 (35.03)

2155 (30.84)

1243 (24.92)

156 (21.73)

Drinking (%)

<0.001

 Nondrinker

6279 (40.44)

2194 (39.83)

2194 (39.85)

1665 (42.24)

226 (39.58)

 Low-to-moderate drinker

4787 (30.83)

1937 (35.17)

1714 (31.14)

1016 (25.77)

120 (21.02)

 Heavy drinker

4460 (28.73)

1377 (25.00)

1597 (29.01)

1261 (31.99)

225 (39.40)

Duration of hypertension (%)

<0.001

 ≤3 years

2724 (24.29)

843 (20.64)

962 (26.62)

804 (29.30)

115 (23.47)

 4–10 years

2761 (25.25)

935 (22.89)

968 (26.78)

729 (26.57)

129 (26.33)

 >10 years

5448 (49.83)

2307 (56.47)

1684 (46.60)

1211 (44.13)

246 (50.20)

Antihypertensive therapy (%), yes

11,760 (87.74)

4463 (90.71)

4075 (87.28)

2791 (84.50)

431 (84.34)

<0.001

The use of vitamin D

dietary supplements (%)

0.000

 No

8481 (59.45)

1578 (31.43)

3095 (64.18)

3278 (85.36)

530 (90.91)

 Yes

5785 (40.55)

3443 (68.57)

1727 (35.82)

562 (14.64)

53 (9.09)

Co-morbidities (%)

 Diabetes

4164 (22.09)

1368 (20.87)

1432 (21.17)

1161 (24.04)

203 (28.88)

<0.001

 Hypercholesterolemia

9041 (52.03)

3462 (55.37)

3254 (52.55)

2045 (47.55)

280 (44.30)

<0.001

 CVD

3941 (20.35)

1433 (21.23)

1336 (19.25)

1002 (20.20)

170 (23.74)

0.004

 Renal failure

1091 (5.61)

463 (6.83)

305 (4.37)

278 (5.59)

45 (6.29)

< 0.001

 Cancer

2665 (13.68)

1275 (18.78)

850 (12.17)

477 (9.56)

63 (8.79)

< 0.001