Table 2 Risk of bias assessment for included randomized controlled clinical trials
Study | Random sequence generatin (Selection bias) | Allocation concealment (Selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (Performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (Detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (Attrition bias) | Selective reporting (Reporting bias) | Overall quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lu et al. [32] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Fair |
Kanellos et al. [43] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Good |
Saldanha et al. [36] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Good |
Taghizadeh et al. [42] | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Good |
Torres et al. [118] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | low | Low | Fair |
Macedo et al. [45] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Fair |
Zunino et al. [38] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Good |
Evans et al. | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Good |
Amoutzopoulos et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Fair |
Noguer et al. [117] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Weak |
Pourghassem et al. [44] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Fair |
Mellen et al. [119] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Good |
Estruch et al .[115] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Good |
Lafay et al. [116] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Good |
Hollis et al. [37] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Fair |
Rankin et al. [39] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Fair |
Avellone et al. [114] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Weak |