Association for the Study of Obesity (ASO): Obesity: the scale of the problem - fact sheet. [http://www.aso.org.uk]
Baskin ML, Ard J, Franklin F, Allison DB: National prevalence of obesity: Prevalence of obesity in the United States. Obesity Reviews. 2005, 6 (1): 5-7. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00165.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Information Centre for Health and Social Care: Health Survey for England 2004. Updating of trend tables to include childhood obesity data. [http://www.ic.nhs.uk]
Prentice A, Jebb SA: Beyond body mass index. Obesity Reviews. 2001, 2: 141-147. 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00031.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williams DP, Going SB, Lohman T, Harsha DW, Srinivasan S, Webber LS, Berenson G: Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents. American Journal of Public Health. 1992, 82: 358-363.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dwyer T, Blizzard CL: Defining obesity in children by biological endpoint rather than population distribution. International Journal of Obesity. 1996, 20 (5): 472-480.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whincup P, Gilg J, Papacosta O, Seymour C, Miller G, Alberti K, Cook D: Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: cross sectional comparison of British South Asian and white children. British Medical Journal. 2002, 324: 1-6. 10.1136/bmj.324.7338.635.
Article
Google Scholar
Lev-Ran A: Human obesity: an evolutionary approach to understanding our bulging waistline. Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews. 2001, 17 (5): 347-362. 10.1002/dmrr.230.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lean MEJ, Han TS, Seidell J: Impairment of health and quality of life in people with large waist circumference. Lancet. 1998, 351: 853-856. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10004-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goran MI, Gower B: Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999, 70 (suppl): 149S-156S.
Google Scholar
Maffeis C, Pietrobelli A, Grezzani A, Provera S, Tato L: Waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. Obesity Research. 2001, 9 (3): 179-187.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreno LA, Fleta J, Mur L, Sarria A, Bueno M: Fat distribution in obese and nonobese children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 1998, 27 (2): 176-180. 10.1097/00005176-199808000-00009.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McCarthy HD, Ellis SM, Cole TJ: Central overweight and obesity in British youth aged 11-16 years: cross sectional surveys of waist circumference. BMJ. 2003, 326 (7390): 624-10.1136/bmj.326.7390.624.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Legato MJ: Gender-specific aspects of obesity. International Journal of Fertility & Women's Medicine. 1997, 42 (3): 184-197.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lobstein T, Baur LA, Uauy R: Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews. 2004, 5 (Suppl. 1): 4-85. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Bray GA, DeLany JP, Harsha DW, Volaufova J, Champagne CM: Body composition of African American and white children: A 2-year follow-up of the BAROC study. Obesity Research. 2001, 9 (10): 605-621.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dai SF, Labarthe DR, Grunbaum JA, Harrist RB, Mueller WH: Longitudinal analysis of changes in indices of obesity from age 8 years to age 18 years. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002, 156 (8): 720-729. 10.1093/aje/kwf109.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guo SS, Chumlea WC, Roche AF, Siervogel RM: Age- and maturity-related changes in body composition during adolescence into adulthood: The Fels Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Obesity. 1997, 21 (12): 1167-1175. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800531.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Demerath EW, Schubert CM, Maynard LM, Sun SS, Chumlea WC, Pickoff A, Czerwinski SA, Towne B, Siervogel RM: Do changes in body mass index percentile reflect changes in body composition in children? Data from the Fels Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics. 2006, 117 (3): e487-95. 10.1542/peds.2005-0572.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCarthy HD, Cole TJ, Fry T, Jebb SA, Prentice AM: Body fat reference curves for children. International Journal of Obesity. 2006, 30 (4): 598-602. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803232.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goran MI, Hunter G, Nagy TR, Johnson R: Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children. International Journal of Obesity. 1997, 21 (3): 171-178. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800383.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bedogni G, Iughetti L, Ferrari M, Malavolti M, Poli M, Bernasconi S, Battistini N: Sensitivity and specificity of body mass index and skinfold thicknesses in detecting excess adiposity in children aged 8-12 years. Annals of Human Biology. 2003, 30 (2): 132-139. 10.1080/0301446021000033409.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruxton CH, Reilly JJ, Kirk TR: Body composition of healthy 7- and 8-year-old children and a comparison with the 'reference child'. International Journal of Obesity. 1999, 23: 1276-1281. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801067.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mast M, Kortzinger I, Konig E, Muller MJ: Gender differences in fat mass of 5-7-year old children. International Journal of Obesity. 1998, 22 (9): 878-884. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800675.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li S, Zhang M, Yang S, Okada T, Iwata F, Harada K: Age- and sex-specific body composition of Chinese children. Acta Paediatrica. 2005, 94 (8): 1139-1142. 10.1080/08035250510028588.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Freedman DS, Wang J, Maynard LM, Thornton JC, Mei Z, Pierson Jr RN, Dietz WH, Horlick M: Relation of BMI to fat and fat-free mass among children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity. 2005, 29 (1): 1-8. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802735.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ellis KJ: Selected body composition methods can be used in field studies. Journal of Nutrition. 2001, 131: 1589s-1595s.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pietrobelli A, Peroni DG, Faith MS: Pediatric body composition in clinical studies: which methods in which situations?. Acta Diabetologica. 2003, 40 Suppl 1: S270-3. 10.1007/s00592-003-0084-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pietrobelli A, Tato L: Body composition measurements: From the past to the future. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, Supplement. 2005, 94 (448): 8-13. 10.1080/08035320510035221.
Article
Google Scholar
Goodman E, Hinden BR, Khandelwal S: Accuracy of teen and parental reports of obesity and body mass index. Pediatrics. 2000, 106 (1 Pt 1): 52-58. 10.1542/peds.106.1.52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brener ND, McManus T, Galuska DA, Lowry R, Wechsler H: Reliability and validity of self-reported height and weight among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2003, 32 (4): 281-287. 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00708-5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Himes JH, Hannan P, Wall M, Neumark-Sztainer D: Factors associated with errors in self-reports of stature, weight and body mass index in Minnesota adolescents. Annals of Epidemiology. 2004, 15: 272-278. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.010.
Article
Google Scholar
Troiano RP, Flegal KM: Overweight prevalence among youth in the United States: Why so many different numbers?. International Journal of Obesity. 1999, 23, Suppl 2: S22-S27. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800855.
Article
Google Scholar
Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, lane JM, Nichman MZ, Tanner JM: The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1977, 55 (4): 489-498.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Al-Isa AN, Moussa MAA: Nutritional status of Kuwaiti elementary school children aged 6-10 years: comparison with the NCHS/CDC reference population. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2000, 51 (4): 221-228. 10.1080/09637480050077103.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chu NF: Prevalence and trends of obesity among school children in Taiwan - The Taipei Children Heart Study. International Journal of Obesity. 2001, 25 (2): 170-176. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801486.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mei ZG, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH: Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002, 75 (6): 978-985.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valdez R, Greenlund KJ, Wattigney WA, Bao W, Berenson GS: Use of weight-for-height indices in children to predict adult overweight: the Bogalusa Heart Study. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996, 20 (8): 715-721.
CAS
Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Henson GL, Tremble JM, Colley NV: Birthweight for length: ponderal index, body mass index or Benn index?. Annals of Human Biology. 1997, 24 (4): 289-298. 10.1080/03014469700005032.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chinn S, Rona R, Gulliford MC, Hammond J: Weight-for-height in children aged 4-12 years. A new index compared to the normalised body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992, 46: 489-500.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poskitt EM: Defining childhood obesity: the relative body mass index (BMI). Acta Paediatrica. 1995, 84: 961-963.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garn SM, Leonard WR, Hawthorne VM: Three limitations of the body mass index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986, 44: 996-997.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Livingstone MB: Childhood obesity in Europe: a growing concern. Public Health Nutrition. 2001, 4 (1A): 109-116.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Y: Epidemiology of childhood obesity - Methodological aspects and guidelines: What is new?. International Journal of Obesity. 2004, 28 (SUPPL. 3): S21-S28. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802801.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCarthy HD, Jarrett KV, Emmett PM, Rogers I: Trends in waist circumferences in young British children: a comparative study. International Journal of Obesity. 2005, 29 (2): 157-162. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802849.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenmann JC, Heelan KA, Welk GJ: Assessing body composition among 3- to 8-year old children: anthropometry, BIA and BXA. Obesity Research. 2004, 12 (10): 1633-1640.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels SR, Khoury PR, Morrison JA: The utility of body mass index as a measure of body fatness in children and adolescents: differences by race and gender. Pediatrics. 1997, 99 (6): 804-807. 10.1542/peds.99.6.804.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells J, Coward WA, Cole TJ, Davies P: The contribution of fat and fat-free tissue to body mass index in contemporary children and the reference child. International Journal of Obesity. 2002, 26: 1323-1328. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802077.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO: Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. 1995, Geneva, World Health Organisation, Technical Report Series, 854
Google Scholar
WHO: Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. 1998, Geneva, World Health Organisation
Google Scholar
Hamill PV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM: Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1979, 32: 607-629.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH: Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991, 53: 839-846.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Himes JH, Dietz WH: Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994, 59: 307-316.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, Mei Z, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL: CDC Growth Charts: United States. Advance data from vital and health statistics. 2000, Hyattsville, Maryland, National Center for Health Statistics, 314:
Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA: Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1995, 73 (1): 25-29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charraud A: Body mass index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991, 45: 13-21.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch T, Geller F, Ziegler PJ, Geiss LS, Hesse V, Hippel A, Jaeger U, Johnsen D, Keiss W, Korte W, Kunze D, Menner K, Muller M, Niemann-Pilatus A, Remer T, Schaefer F, Wittchen HU, Zabransky S, Zellner K, Hedebrand J: Perzentile fur den Body Mass Index fur das Kindesund Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben. Monatszeitschrift Kinderheilkunde. 2001, 149: 807-818. 10.1007/s001120170107.
Article
Google Scholar
Nysom K, Molgaard C, Hutchings B, Michaelsen KF: Body mass index of 0 to 45-y-old Danes: reference values and comparison with published European reference values. International Journal of Obesity. 2001, 25 (2): 177-184. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801515.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellizzi MC, Dietz WH: Workshop on childhood obesity: summary of the discussion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999, 70: 173S-175S.
CAS
Google Scholar
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. British Medical Journal. 2000, 320 (7244): 1240-1243. 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chinn S: Definitions of childhood obesity: current practice. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006, 10: 1189-1194. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602436.
Article
Google Scholar
Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL: Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001, 73 (6): 1086-1093.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chinn S, Rona RJ: International definitions of overweight and obesity for children: a lasting solution?. Annals of Human Biology. 2002, 29 (3): 306-313. 10.1080/03014460110085340.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rodriguez G, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Garagorri JM, Sarria A, Bueno M: Body composition in adolescents: measurements and metabolic aspects. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2004, 28 Suppl 3: S54-8. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802805.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wickramasinghe VP, Cleghorn GJ, Edmiston KA, Murphy AJ, Abbott RA, Davies PS: Validity of BMI as a measure of obesity in Australian white Caucasian and Australian Sri Lankan children. Annals of Human Biology. 2005, 32 (1): 60-71. 10.1080/03014460400027805.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zimmermann MB, Gubeli C, Puntener C, Molinari L: Detection of overweight and obesity in a national sample of 6-12-y-old Swiss children: accuracy and validity of reference values for body mass index from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the International Obesity Task Force. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004, 79 (5): 838-843.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frontini MG, Bao WH, Elkasabany A, Srinivasan SR, Berenson G: Comparison of weight-for-height indices as a measure of adiposity and cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood: The Bogalusa heart study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001, 54 (8): 817-822. 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00343-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schaefer F, Georgi M, Wuhl E, Scharer K: Body mass index and percentage fat mass in healthy German schoolchildren and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1998, 22 (5): 461-469. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800608.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Reilly JJ, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, team ALSPAC: Identification of the obese child: adequacy of the body mass index for clinical practice and epidemiology. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000, 24 (12): 1623-1627. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801436.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mast M, Langnase K, Labitzke K, Bruse U, Preuss U, Muller MJ: Use of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity in a field study on 5-7 year old children. European Journal of Nutrition. 2002, 41 (2): 61-67. 10.1007/s003940200009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M: The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obesity Research. 2001, 9 Suppl 4: 228S-233S.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Siri WE: Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. Edited by: Brozek J, Henschel A. 1961, Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council, 223-234.
Google Scholar
Lohman T: Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. Human Biology. 1981, 53 (2): 181-225.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dempster P, Aitkens S: A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1995, 27: 1692-1697.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Francis KT: Body composition assessment using underwater weighing techniques. Physical Therapy. 1990, 70 (10): 657-662.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brodie MJ, Moscrip V, Hutcheson R: Body composition measurement: a review of hydrodensitometry, anthropometry, and impedance methods. Nutrition. 1998, 14 (3): 296-310. 10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00474-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fields DA, Goran MI, McCrory MA: Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002, 75: 453-467.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goran MI, Nagy TR, Treuth MS, Trowbridge C, Dezenberg C, McGloin A, Gower BA: Visceral fat in white and African American prepubertal children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997, 65 (6): 1703-1708.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Sprecher DL, Khoury P, Kimball TR: Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation. 1999, 99 (4): 541-545.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tyrrell VJ, Richards GE, Hofman P, Gillies GF, Robinson E, Cutfield WS: Foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis: a valuable tool for the measurement of body composition in children. International Journal of Obesity. 2001, 25: 273-278. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801531.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daniels SR, Khoury PR, Morrison JA: Utility of different measures of body fat distribution in children and adolescents. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000, 152 (12): 1179-1184. 10.1093/aje/152.12.1179.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD, Bemben DA: Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology. 1988, 60 (5): 709-723.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dezenberg CV, Nagy TR, Gower BA, Johnson R, Goran MI: Predicting body composition from anthropometry in pre-adolescent children. International Journal of Obesity. 1999, 23: 253-259. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800802.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Power C, Laker S, Cole TJ: Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. International Journal of Obesity. 1997, 21: 507-526. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800454.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang J, Thornton JC, Bari S, Williamson B, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Horlick M, Kotler D, Laferrere B, Mayer L, Pi-Sunyer FX, Pierson Jr RN: Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003, 77 (2): 379-384.
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCarthy AM, Jarrett KV, Crawley HF: The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0-16.9y. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001, 2001: 902-907. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601240.
Article
Google Scholar
Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB: Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics. 2004, 145: 427-430. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.021.
Article
Google Scholar
Katzmarzyk P, Srinivasan S, Chen W, Malina RM, Bouchard C, Berenson G: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Clustering of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Biracial Sample of Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004, 114: e198-e205. 10.1542/peds.114.2.e198.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eisenmann JC: Waist circumference percentiles for 7-to 15-year-old Australian children. Acta Paediatrica. 2005, 94 (9): 1182-1185. 10.1080/08035250510029352.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashwell M, Hsieh SD: Six reasons why the waist-to-height ratio is a rapid and effective global indicator for health risks of obesity and how its use could simplify the international public health message on obesity. International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition. 2005, 56 (5): 303-307. 10.1080/09637480500195066.
Article
Google Scholar
Moreno LA, Fleta J, Mur L, Feja C, Sarria A, Bueno M: Indices of body fat distribution in Spanish children aged 4.0 to 14.9 years. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 1997, 25 (2): 175-181. 10.1097/00005176-199708000-00008.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar