Perturbation of cellular immune functions in cigarette smokers and protection by palm oil vitamin E supplementation

Table 8 The effects of vitamin E supplementation on NK cells, CD4 ⁺ cells, CD8 ⁺ cells and CD4 ⁺ /CD8 ⁺ in whole blood of nonsmokers and smokers

Weeks	NK cells		CD4⁺		CD8⁺		CD4⁺/CD8⁺
	%	a.n. x 10⁹	%	a.n. x 10⁹	%	a.n. x 10⁹	%
	Non-smokers (placebo, n = 27)
0	25.00 ± 9.44	0.73 ± 0.34	29.07 ± 6.16	0.91 ± 0.28	31.69 ± 7.41	0.99 ± 0.41	0.99 ± 0.40
12	22.85 ± 7.74	0.70 ± 0.35	30.81 ± 6.75	0.94 ± 0.35	31.19 ± 8.03	1.00 ± 0.36	1.02 ± 0.46
24	24.72 ± 7.94	0.75 ± 0.32	31.27 ± 6.87	0.92 ± 0.32	32.07 ± 8.30	0.94 ± 0.36	1.07 ± 0.48
	Non-smokers (palmvitee, n = 29)
0	25.59 ± 8.80	0.86 ± 0.36	27.55 ± 6.68	0.92 ± 0.29	31.38 ± 7.75	1.07 ± 0.30	0.96 ± 0.48
12	24.59 ± 8.45	0.81 ± 0.33	27.62 ± 7.72	0.92 ± 0.33	30.28 ± 6.75	1.03 ± 0.35	0.97 ± 0.47
24	24.72 ± 8.78	0.72 ± 0.42	30.17 ± 9.35	0.90 ± 0.30	31.00 ± 6.72	0.96 ± 0.37	1.03 ± 0.53
	Smokers (placebo, n = 28)
0	19.54 ± 7.50+	0.76 ± 0.39	32.18 ± 5.98+	1.24 ± 0.44+	27.82 ± 5.36+	1.08 ± 0.34	1.22 ± 0.38+
12	19.46 ± 8.55+	0.75 ± 0.45	33.07 ± 7.32+	1.23 ± 0.39+	27.46 ± 6.01+	1.05 ± 0.36	1.24 ± 0.40+
24	19.18 ± 10.93+	0.64 ± 0.46	35.14 ± 7.93+	1.14 ± 0.44+	28.04 ± 7.34	0.93 ± 0.27	1.25 ± 0.36+
	Smokers (palmvitee, n = 30)
0	18.48 ± 6.32++	0.58 ± 0.17++	32.20 ± 5.54++	1.03 ± 0.29	30.37 ± 8.09	1.00 ± 0.45	1.13 ± 0.39
12	17.87 ± 6.50++	0.55 ± 0.21++	33.20 ± 5.56++	1.07 ± 0.29++	30.17 ± 8.21	0.98 ± 0.42	1.21 ± 0.44++
24	19.03 ± 7.82	0.57 ± 0.27	33.90 ± 5.56++	1.03 ± 0.37	30.67 ± 7.61	0.92 ± 0.38	1.19 ± 0.43++

Results are shown as mean ± SD. a.n. represents actual number. + indicates significant difference as compared to nonsmokers taking placebo (p < 0.05). ++ indicates significant difference as compared to nonsmokers taking palmvitee (p < 0.05).

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