Adult dietary patterns with increased bean consumption are associated with greater overall shortfall nutrient intakes, lower added sugar, improved weight-related outcomes and better diet quality

Papanikolaou, Yanni; Slavin, Joanne; Fulgoni, Victor L.

doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00937-1

Table 2 Adjusted mean (SE) nutrient and energy intake for all bean and no-bean clusters

From: Adult dietary patterns with increased bean consumption are associated with greater overall shortfall nutrient intakes, lower added sugar, improved weight-related outcomes and better diet quality

Energy/Macronutrients	No Beans		Bean Dietary Pattern = 1			Bean Dietary Pattern = 2			Bean Dietary Pattern = 3			Bean Dietary Pattern = 4
	Cluster 0		Cluster 1			Cluster 2			Cluster 3			Cluster 4
	LSM	SE	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P	LSM	SE	P
Energy (kcal)	2066	10.0	2087	27.0	0.464	2360	48.0	< 0.0001	2372	32.0	< 0.0001	2502	57.0	< 0.0001
Carbohydrate (g)	252	1.0	287	4.0	< 0.0001	247	5.0	0.351	294	4.0	< 0.0001	348	8.0	< 0.0001
Total sugars (g)	114	1.0	118	2.0	0.117	97.2	3.0	< 0.0001	108	2.0	0.023	171	5.0	< 0.0001
Added Sugar (tsp eq)	17.9	0.2	16.6	0.6	0.023	15.2	0.6	< 0.0001	15.9	0.5	< 0.0001	29.5	1.2	< 0.0001
Protein (g)	79.8	0.4	82.9	1.3	0.023	98.6	2.2	< 0.0001	92.2	1.4	< 0.0001	80.5	2.2	0.725
Total fat (g)	78.1	0.5	69.2	1.2	< 0.0001	93.3	2.5	< 0.0001	89.1	1.6	< 0.0001	89.4	2.8	0.0001
Total monounsaturated fatty acids (g)	28.1	0.2	25.3	0.5	< 0.0001	35.5	1.0	< 0.0001	32.3	0.6	< 0.0001	32.4	0.9	< 0.0001
Total saturated fatty acids (g)	25.2	0.2	21.0	0.4	< 0.0001	27.3	0.8	0.010	28.7	0.6	< 0.0001	28.0	1.0	0.010
Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)	17.6	0.1	16.7	0.3	0.0040	22.4	0.7	< 0.0001	20.2	0.4	< 0.0001	21.2	0.9	0.0001
Cholesterol (mg)	297	3.0	262	7.0	< 0.0001	395	13.0	< 0.0001	293	9.0	0.607	256	12.0	0.0006
Dietary fiber (g)	14.9	0.1	26.3	0.5	< 0.0001	22.0	0.5	< 0.0001	26.2	0.4	< 0.0001	24.7	0.8	< 0.0001
Vitamins/Minerals
Calcium (mg)	866	6.0	906	17.0	0.025	774	23.0	0.0002	1031	21.0	< 0.0001	945	43.0	0.0620
Magnesium (mg)	276	1.0	352	5.0	< 0.0001	361	7.0	< 0.0001	350	5.0	< 0.0001	354	12.0	< 0.0001
Phosphorus (mg)	1285	7.0	1421	21.0	< 0.0001	1504	31.0	< 0.0001	1524	23.0	< 0.0001	1417	45.0	0.003
Iron (mg)	14.1	0.1	17.1	0.3	< 0.0001	15.7	0.4	< 0.0001	17.7	0.3	< 0.0001	17.2	0.6	< 0.0001
Zinc (mg)	10.9	0.1	12.1	0.2	< 0.0001	13.5	0.4	< 0.0001	12.9	0.2	< 0.0001	12.5	0.5	0.002
Sodium (mg)	3422	17.0	3476	53.0	0.336	3834	89.0	< 0.0001	4254	70.0	< 0.0001	3731	107.0	0.004
Potassium (mg)	2491	11.0	3047	42.0	< 0.0001	3052	54.0	< 0.0001	3056	45.0	< 0.0001	2991	68.0	< 0.0001
Folate, DFE (mcg)	500	3.0	639	12.0	< 0.0001	511	14.0	0.4040	625	12.0	< 0.0001	571	24.0	0.0030
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg)	2.0	0.01	2.0	0.04	0.289	1.9	0.04	0.174	2.0	0.04	0.140	2.1	0.1	0.229
Niacin (mg)	24.8	0.2	22.8	0.5	< 0.0001	26.8	0.7	0.003	24.6	0.5	0.638	22.3	1.0	0.011
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg)	1.5	0.01	1.7	0.03	< 0.0001	1.6	0.04	0.045	1.8	0.03	< 0.0001	1.7	0.2	0.171
Total choline (mg)	326	2.0	345	7.0	0.009	460	12.0	< 0.0001	358	8.0	0.0001	333	12.0	0.534
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg)	580	9.0	595	38.0	0.630	511	27.0	0.0080	580	19.0	0.999	617	36.0	0.289
Vitamin B12 (mcg)	5.0	0.1	4.8	0.4	0.476	4.7	0.2	0.045	4.6	0.2	0.017	4.1	0.3	0.003
Vitamin B6 (mg)	2.0	0.02	2.1	1.0	0.001	2.2	1.0	0.000	2.1	1.0	0.048	2.0	1.0	0.340
Vitamin C (mg)	86.7	1.1	106.0	4.0	< 0.0001	82.2	3.1	0.141	94.9	2.9	0.006	94.3	6.2	0.222
Vitamin D (D2 + D3) (mcg)	4.3	1.0	4.9	0.3	0.018	4.7	0.3	0.219	3.8	0.1	0.0002	4.0	0.3	0.321
Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol (mg)	7.6	1.0	7.6	0.2	0.8	9.2	0.4	< 0.0001	9.1	0.2	< 0.0001	9.8	0.5	< 0.0001

Covariates include age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, and for all variables except Energy, the covariate of energy (kcal)
NHANES 2001–2018, ≥ 19 Years-Old
LSM Least square mean, SE Standard error, P p value of difference as compared to cluster 0 (No Beans Dietary Pattern)

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