Table 5 Sociodemographic factors associated with the Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) in children/adolescents from the INHES study, Italy 2010–2013
Categories of BQI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N of subjects (n total = 505) | BQI (mean ± SD) | Low (0–4 points) n = 166; 32.9% | Medium (5 points) n = 191; 37.8% | High (≥ 6 points) n = 148; 29.3% | β (95%CI)1 | p-value1 | β (95%CI)2 | p-value2 | |
Age groups (years) | |||||||||
5-12 | 135 (26.7) | 4.94 ± 0.92 | 45 (27.1) | 51 (26.7) | 39 (26.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
13 19 | 370 (73.3) | 4.96 ± 1.03 | 121 (72.9) | 140 (73.3) | 109 (73.7) | 0.03 (-0.18 to 0.23) | 0.79 | 0.22 (-0.12 to 0.56) | 0.20 |
Sex | |||||||||
Girls | 239 (47.3) | 4.94 ± 0.99 | 77 (46.3) | 90 (47.1) | 72 (48.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Boys | 266 (52.7) | 4.99 ± 1.01 | 89 (53.6) | 101 (52.9) | 76 (51.4) | 0.05 (-0.12 to 0.23) | 0.55 | 0.03 (-0.15 to 0.21) | 0.75 |
Geographical area | |||||||||
Northern Italy | 107 (21.2) | 5.21 ± 1.06 | 24 (14.5) | 41 (21.5) | 42 (28.4) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Central Italy | 44 (8.7) | 4.64 ± 1.04 | 21 (12.6) | 15 (7.8) | 8 (5.4) | -0.56 (-0.92 to -0.21) | 0.0018 | -0.55 (-0.91 to -0.19) | 0.0028 |
Southern Italy | 354 (70.1) | 4.93 ± 0.96 | 121 (72.9) | 135 (70.7) | 98 (66.2) | -0.29 (-0.51 to -0.07) | 0.0092 | -0.24 (-0.47 to -0.01) | 0.039 |
Place of residence | |||||||||
Rural | 61 (12.1) | 4.80 ± 0.81 | 24 (14.5) | 25 (13.1) | 12 (8.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 444 (87.9) | 4.99 ± 1.02 | 42 (85.5) | 166 (86.9) | 136 (91.9) | 0.18 (-0.09 to 0.46) | 0.19 | 0.10 (-0.18 to 0.39) | 0.47 |
Educational level | |||||||||
Up to elementary | 180 (35.6) | 4.99 ± 0.91 | 54 (32.5) | 73 (38.2) | 53 (35.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Lower/upper secondary | 325 (64.4) | 4.95 ± 1.05 | 112 (67.5) | 118 (61.8) | 95 (64.2) | -0.22 (-0.54 to 0.10) | 0.096 | -0.23 (-0.55 to 0.09) | 0.16 |
Smoking habit | |||||||||
Non-smoker | 448 (88.7) | 4.98 ± 0.96 | 142 (85.5) | 173 (90.6) | 133 (89.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Current/former/occasional | 57 (11.3) | 4.88 ± 1.25 | 24 (14.5) | 18 (9.4) | 15 (10.1) | -0.12 (-0.41 to 0.16) | 0.40 | -0.05 (-0.34 to 0.23) | 0.70 |
Sport activity | |||||||||
No | 170 (33.7) | 4.89 ± 0.91 | 62 (37.3) | 61 (31.9) | 47 (31.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 335 (66.3) | 5.00 ± 1.04 | 104 (62.7) | 130 (68.1) | 101 (68.2) | 0.10 (-0.08 to 0.29) | 0.27 | 0.08 (-0.11 to 0.27) | 0.42 |
Body mass index | |||||||||
Normal weight | 419 (83.0) | 4.97 ± 1.02 | 137 (82.5) | 156 (81.7) | 126 (85.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Overweight/Obese | 86 (17.0) | 4.94 ± 0.91 | 29 (17.5) | 35 (18.3) | 22 (14.9) | -0.04 (-0.28 to 0.19) | 0.71 | 0.01 (-0.23 to 0.25) | 0.96 |