Table 3 Sociodemographic factors associated with Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) in adult participants from the INHES study, Italy 2010-2013
Categories of BQI1 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population (%) | BQI (mean ± SD* | Low (0–3 points) 1,061 (13.8) | Medium (4–6 points) 6,190 (80.7) | High (≥ 7 points) 422 (5.5) | β (95%CI)1 | p-value1 | β (95%CI)2 | p-value2 | |
Age groups (years) | |||||||||
20–40 | 888 (11.6) | 4.52 ± 1.10 | 146 (13.8) | 710 (11.5) | 32 (7.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
41–65 | 4187 (54.6) | 4.62 ± 1.12 | 600 (56.5) | 3380 (54.6) | 207 (49.0) | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.18) | 0.012 | 0.08 (-0.01 to 0.18) | 0.080 |
> 65 | 2598 (33.8) | 4.74 ± 1.15 | 315 (29.7) | 2100 (33.9) | 183 (43.4) | 0.25 (0.17 to 0.34) | < .0001 | 0.19 (0.06 to 0.31) | 0.0031 |
Sex | |||||||||
Women | 4187 (54.6) | 4.64 ± 1.15 | 620 (58.4) | 3331 (53.8) | 236 (55.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Men | 3486 (45.4) | 4.65 ± 1.10 | 441 (41.6) | 2859 (46.2) | 186 (44.1) | -0.07 (-0.12 to -0.02) | 0.0095 | -0.08 (-0.14 to -0.02) | 0.0052 |
Geographical area | |||||||||
Northern Italy | 3220 (42.0) | 4.67 ± 1.17 | 438 (41.3) | 2583 (41.7) | 199 (47.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Central Italy | 1318 (17.2) | 4.72 ± 1.13 | 170 (16.0) | 1064 (17.2) | 84 (19.9) | 0.04 (-0.03 to 0.11) | 0.27 | 0.04 (-0.03 to 0.12) | 0.22 |
Southern Italy | 3135 (40.8) | 4.60 ± 1.08 | 453 (42.7) | 2543 (41.1) | 139 (32.9) | -0.06 (-0.12 to -0.01) | 0.023 | -0.05 (-0.11 to 0.002) | 0.056 |
Place of residence | |||||||||
Rural | 1042 (13.6) | 4.55 ± 1.13 | 175 (16.5) | 816 (13.2) | 51 (12.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 6631 (86.4) | 4.66 ± 1.13 | 886 (83.5) | 5374 (86.8) | 371 (87.9) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18) | 0.0029 | 0.07 (-0.01 to 0.14) | 0.070 |
Educational level | |||||||||
Up to elementary | 1393 (18.2) | 4.71 ± 1.08 | 168 (15.9) | 1152 (18.6) | 73 (17.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Lower secondary | 1960 (25.5) | 4.60 ± 1.10 | 270 (25.5) | 1595 (25.8) | 95 (22.5) | -0.05 (-0.13 to 0.03) | 0.24 | -0.05 (-0.13 to 0.03) | 0.25 |
Upper secondary | 3055 (39.8) | 4.63 ± 1.14 | 448 (42.1) | 2446 (39.5) | 161 (38.2) | 0.02 (-0.06 to 0.10) | 0.66 | 0.03 (-0.05 to 0.12) | 0.43 |
Postsecondary | 1265 (16.5) | 4.71 ± 1.21 | 175 (16.5) | 997 (16.1) | 93 (22.0) | 0.09 (-0.002 to 0.19) | 0.055 | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.23) | 0.014 |
Occupation | |||||||||
Non-manual | 2397 (31.2) | 4.57 ± 1.15 | 404 (38.1) | 1865 (30.1) | 128 (30.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Manual | 1289 (16.8) | 4.61 ± 1.06 | 161 (15.2) | 1078 (17.4) | 50 (11.8) | 0.02 (-0.05 to 0.10) | 0.54 | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.17) | 0.031 |
Housewife | 831 (10.8) | 4.68 ± 1.07 | 103 (9.7) | 694 (11.2) | 34 (8.1) | 0.08 (-0.01 to 0.18) | 0.078 | 0.16 (0.06 to 0.26) | 0.0022 |
Retired | 2819 (36.8) | 4.73 ± 1.16 | 350 (33.0) | 2272 (36.7) | 197 (46.7) | 0.09 (0.003 to 0.17) | 0.042 | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.21) | 0.0076 |
Student | 121 (1.6) | 4.57 ± 1.10 | 22 (2.0) | 95 (1.6) | 4 (1.0) | 0.02 (-0.20 to 0.23) | 0.85 | 0.10 (-0.12 to 0.32) | 0.40 |
Unemployed | 216 (2.8) | 4.66 ± 1.05 | 21 (2.0) | 186 (3.0) | 9 (2.1) | 0.12 (-0.03 to 0.28) | 0.12 | 0.18 (0.02 to 0.34) | 0.025 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Married /in couple | 5774 (75.2) | 4.66 ± 1.13 | 778 (73.2) | 4682 (75.6) | 314 (74.4) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Unmarried | 1105 (14.4) | 4.57 ± 1.15 | 182 (17.2) | 872 (14.1) | 51 (12.1) | -0.01 (-0.10 to 0.07) | 0.75 | -0.02 (-0.11 to 0.06) | 0.63 |
Separated/divorced | 236 (3.1) | 4.75 ± 1.09 | 21 (2.1) | 198 (3.2) | 17 (4.0) | 0.12 (-0.02 to 0.27) | 0.098 | 0.10 (-0.05 to 0.24) | 0.19 |
Widowed | 558 (7.3) | 4.67 ± 1.14 | 80 (7.5) | 438 (7.1) | 40 (9.5) | -0.03 (-0.13 to 0.07) | 0.58 | -0.02 (-0.13 to 0.08) | 0.66 |
Smoking habit | |||||||||
Non-smoker | 4778 (62.3) | 4.63 ± 1.14 | 725 (68.3) | 3799 (61.4) | 254 (60.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Current | 1052 (13.8) | 4.56 ± 1.06 | 145 (13.7) | 862 (13.9) | 45 (10.7) | -0.04 (-0.12 to 0.03) | 0.24 | -0.04 (-0.11 to 0.04) | 0.31 |
Former | 1694 (22.0) | 4.76 ± 1.13 | 172 (16.2) | 1407 (22.7) | 115 (27.2) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.17) | 0.0013 | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.16) | 0.0051 |
Occasional | 149 (1.9) | 4.74 ± 1.23 | 19 (1.8) | 122 (2.0) | 8 (1.9) | 0.11 (-0.07 to 0.30) | 0.22 | 0.12 (-0.06 to 0.30) | 0.20 |
Sport activity | |||||||||
No | 6216 (81.0) | 4.62 ± 1.11 | 894 (84.2) | 4994 (80.7) | 328 (77.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1457 (19.0) | 4.77 ± 1.20 | 167 (15.8) | 1196 (19.3) | 94 (2.3) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.25) | < .0001 | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.24) | < .0001 |
Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
No | 741 (96.6) | 4.65 ± 1.13 | 1041 (98.1) | 5966 (96.4) | 409 (96.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 257 (3.4) | 4.73 ± 1.03 | 20 (1.9) | 224 (3.6) | 13 (3.1) | 0.04 (-0.10 to 0.18) | 0.19 | 0.02 (-0.12 to 0.16) | 0.79 |
Cancer | |||||||||
No | 7420 (96.7) | 4.64 ± 1.13 | 1034 (97.5) | 5978 (96.6) | 408 (96.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 253 (3.3) | 4.73 ± 1.15 | 27 (2.5) | 212 (3.4) | 14 (3.3) | 0.07 (-0.07 to 0.21) | 0.21 | 0.05 (-0.09 to 0.19) | 0.45 |
Hypertension | |||||||||
No | 5186 (67.6) | 4.62 ± 1.14 | 760 (71.5) | 4153 (67.1) | 273 (64.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2487 (32.4) | 4.70 ± 1.11 | 301 (28.5) | 2037 (32.9) | 149 (35.3) | 0.01 (-0.04 to 0.07) | 0.62 | -0.002 (-0.06 to 0.06) | 0.96 |
Hyperlipidaemia | |||||||||
No | 6000 (78.2) | 4.63 ± 1.13 | 864 (81.5) | 4807 (77.7) | 329 (78.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1673 (21.8) | 4.70 ± 1.11 | 197 (18.5) | 1383 (22.3) | 93 (22) | 0.03 (-0.03 to 0.09) | 0.30 | 0.01 (-0.05 to 0.07) | 0.75 |
Diabetes | |||||||||
No | 7078 (92.2) | 4.63 ± 1.14 | 1016 (95.8) | 5663 (91.5) | 399 (94.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 595 (7.8) | 4.81 ± 0.98 | 45 (4.2) | 527 (8.5) | 23 (5.5) | 0.16 (0.06 to 0.25) | 0.0014 | 0.16 (0.06 to 0.26) | 0.0015 |
Body mass index | |||||||||
Normal weight | 3755 (48.9) | 4.61 ± 1.18 | 577 (54.4) | 2960 (47.8) | 218 (51.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Overweight | 2916 (38.0) | 4.67 ± 1.10 | 382 (36.0) | 2377 (38.4) | 157 (37.2) | 0.02 (-0.03 to 0.08) | 0.37 | 0.03 (-0.02 to 0.09) | 0.23 |
Obese | 1002 (13.1) | 4.72 ± 1.03 | 102 (9.6) | 853 (13.8) | 47 (11.1) | 0.06 (-0.02 to 0.14) | 0.12 | 0.07 (-0.01 to 0.16) | 0.079 |