Table 6 Studies of dairy proteins on the natural history of infections (N=6)
Author (Year) | Exposure(s) being studied | Study population | Dairy intervention details | Measures of viral load | Measures of symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Age, gender and health status | |||||
Algahtani et al. (2021) [60] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp 1: 18 Exp 2: 18 Control: 18 | Adults, COVID-19 infected (mild to moderate) | Exp 1: 200 mg lactoferrin daily for 7 days Exp 2: 200 mg lactoferrin twice daily for 7 days Control: no treatment | NR | Fever, dry cough, tiredness, diarrhea, headache, and loss of taste and/or smell: Differences NSS (p-value=0.802, 0.725, 0.849, 0.763, 0.570, and 0.885, respectively) exp 1, exp 2 vs. control at day 7 |
Campione et a. (2021) [62] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 32 Control 1: 32 Control 2: 28 | Adults, COVID-19 infected (asymptomatic and mild to moderate) | Exp: Liposomal bovine lactoferrin 1 gram, divided into 3 daily oral administrations, or 16 mg divided into 3 daily intranasal administrations for 30 days Control 1: Standard of care regimen for 5-20 days Control 2: No treatment | Mean time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativization: SS decrease (p<0.001 for both) exp vs. control 1 and exp vs. control 2 | Â |
Rosa et al. (2021) [61] | Bovine lactoferrin | 121 (82 treated with lactoferrin and 39 untreated) | Adults, COVID-19 infected (asymptomatic and mild to moderate) | Asymptomatic group COVID-19: 200-1,000 mg lactoferrin daily Symptomatic COVID-19: ≥400 mg lactoferrin daily Untreated: Standard-of-care | Median time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativization: SS decrease (p<0.001) treated vs. untreated Median time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativization, mild to moderate symptoms: SS decrease (p<0.001) treated vs. untreated Median time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativization, asymptomatic: Differences NSS (no p-value reported) treated vs. untreated Cumulative proportion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA negativization, Kaplan-Meir analysis: SS increase (p=0.003) treated vs. untreated Multiple Cox regression model for RNA negativization: HR=1.65 (95% CI=1.09-2.25) | Median time to symptom resolution: Difference NSS (p=0.50) treated vs. untreated |
Ueno et al. (2006) [63] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 97 Control: 101 | Adults, chronic HCV | Exp: 1.8 grams bovine lactoferrin twice daily for 12 weeks Control: Placebo twice daily for 12 weeks | Virological response rate (≥50% decrease in serum HCV RNA at 12 weeks vs. baseline): Differences NSS (p-value not reported) exp vs. control | NR |
Kaito et al. (2007) [64] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 42 Control: 55 | Adults, chronic HCV | Exp: Bovine lactoferrin 3.6 g daily for 8 weeks, followed by lactoferrin, interferon and ribavirin for 24 weeks Control: Interferon and ribavirin for 24 weeks | Mean HCV RNA titer: SS decrease (p<0.05) pre- vs. post-intervention (8 weeks) among exp group Differences NSS (p-value not reported) pre- vs. post-intervention (8 weeks) among control group Virological response rate (≥50% decrease in serum HCV RNA): SS increase (p<0.05) exp. vs control at 8 weeks Sustained virological response rate (absence of serum HCV RNA at 24 weeks): SS increase (p<0.05) exp. vs control at 24 weeks among responders | NR |
Ishibashi et al. (2005) [65] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 18 Control: 18 | Adults, chronic HCV | Exp: 300 mg lactoferrin twice daily for 24 weeks, interferon dose of 6 million units daily for 2 weeks followed by three times per week for 22 weeks, and 600-800 mg ribavirin twice daily for 24 weeks Control: Placebo twice daily for 24 weeks, interferon dose of 6 million units daily for 2 weeks followed by three times per week for 22 weeks, and 600-800 mg ribavirin twice daily for 24 weeks | Sustained virological response rate (absence of serum HCV RNA at 24 weeks): Differences NSS (p=0.7) exp vs. control at 24 weeks | NR |