Table 3 Studies of dairy proteins on incidence, duration, and severity of acute infections (N=7)
Author (Year) | Exposure(s) being studied | Study population | Dairy intervention details | Infectious disease | Measures of infection risk | Duration and/or severity of infection or symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Age, gender and health status | ||||||
Kaido et al. (2012) [43] | Hydrolyzed whey peptide | Exp: 40 Control: 36 | Adults, post-liver transplant | Exp: Immune-modulating diet enriched with hydrolyzed whey peptide started within the first 24 h after surgery through a jejunostomy tube infused at 20-40 ml/h for 10-14 days Control: Conventional diet started within the first 24 h after surgery through a jejunostomy tube infused at 20-40 ml/h for 10-14 days | Clinically verified bacteremia | Proportion with bacteremia: SS decrease (p=0.002) exp. vs. control In-hospital death due to infection: Differences NSS (p=0.145) exp. vs. control | NR |
Vitetta et al. (2013) [44] | Bovine lactoferrin/whey protein Ig-rich fraction | Exp: 53 Control: 52 | Adults, at least 3 cold events in the past 6 months | Exp: Two 300 mg capsules (containing 200 mg of lactoferrin and 100 mg of IgF) daily for 90 days Control: Two 300 mg capsules (calcium phosphate) daily for 90 days | Common cold based on self-report of symptoms | Mean cold events 1-90 days: SS decrease (p <0.001) exp. vs. control Mean cold events 1-45 days: SS decrease (p <0.001) exp. vs. control Mean cold events 46-90 days: SS decrease (p <0.001) exp. vs. control Total number of symptoms associated with a cold 1-90 days: SS decrease (p < 0.05) exp. vs. control | Median days ill at first follow-up (day 45): Difference NSS (p=0.10) exp. vs. control Median days ill at second follow-up (day 90): Difference NSS (p=0.49) exp. vs. control Median cold event severity at first follow-up (day 45): Difference NSS (p=0.76) exp. vs. control Median cold event severity at second follow-up (day 90): Difference NSS (p=0.08) exp. vs. control |
King et al. (2007) [46] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 26 Control: 26 | Infants ≤4 weeks of age, healthy | Exp: Similac iron formula with 850 mg/L bovine lactoferrin for 12 months Control: Regular cow milk based Similac iron formula (102 mg/L bovine lactoferrin) for 12 months | Clinically confirmed URTI, AOM, LRTI | Mean episodes/infant-year: Differences NSS (p-vales not reported) exp. vs. control for URTI, AOM, and other illnesses Mean episodes/infant-year, LRTI: SS decrease (p<0.05) exp. vs. control | Mean duration (days): Differences NSS (p-values not reported) for URTI, AOM, LRTI, and other illnesses |
Kaur and Gathwala (2015) [47] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp: 63 Control: 67 | Infants, low birth weight and hospitalized | Exp: 100-250 mg bovine lactoferrin (based on weight) dissolved in milk daily from 1st to 28th day of life Control: Placebo (Glucon D) dissolved in milk daily from 1st to 28th day of life | Clinically confirmed late-onset sepsis | RR of culture-proven sepsis: RR=0.211(95% CI=0.044–1.019) exp. vs. control (p=0.036) RR of bacterial sepsis: RR=0.242 (95% CI=0.049–1.186) (p= 0.061) RR of probable sepsis: RR=0.257 (95% CI=0.08-0.828) exp. vs. control (p=0.016) RR of any sepsis: RR=0.201 (95% CI=0.076-0.537) exp. vs. control (p=0.001) Sepsis-attributable mortality: SS decrease (p=0.027) exp. vs. control | NR |
Akin et al. (2014) [48] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp 1: 25 Control 1: 22 | Infants, preterm and/or very low birth weight and hospitalized | Exp 1: 200 mg lactoferrin daily, after the baby reached 20 mL/kg/d feeding volume and continued throughout the hospitalization period Control 1: 2 ml saline once a day, after the baby reached 20 mL/kg/d feeding volume and continued throughout the hospitalization period | Clinically confirmed sepsis | Number of patients with sepsis: Difference NSS (p=0.572) exp. vs. control Number of sepsis attacks per 1,000 patient days: SS decrease (p=0.007) exp. vs. control | NR |
Manzoni et al. (2009) [49] | Bovine lactoferrin and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Exp 1: 153 Exp 2: 151 Control: 168 | Infants, very low birth weight and hospitalized | Exp 1: 100 mg lactoferrin daily from birth to 30th day of life Exp 2: 100 mg lactoferrin and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG daily from birth to 30th day of life Control: Placebo daily from birth to 30th day of life | Clinically confirmed late-onset sepsis | RR of late-onset sepsis: RR=0.34 (95% CI=0.17-0.70) exp 1 vs. control RR of late-onset sepsis: RR=0.27 (95% CI=0.12-0.60) exp 2 vs. control Mortality attributable to sepsis: exp 1 vs. control, p=0.008 Mortality attributable to sepsis: RR=0.14 (0.02-1.09) exp 2 vs. control, p=0.04 Multivariable logistic regression: OR=0.32 (95% CI=0.14-0.77) exp 1 vs. control OR=0.21 (0.08-0.55) exp 2 vs. control | NR |
Oda et al. (2021) [45] | Bovine lactoferrin | Exp 1: 103 Exp 2: 103 Control: 104 | Adults, healthy | Exp 1: 200 mg lactoferrin daily for 12 weeks Exp 2: 600 mg lactoferrin daily for 12 weeks Control: Placebo tablets daily for 12 weeks | Clinically confirmed infectious diseases, including summer colds, gastroenteritis, colds sores and styes | Prevalence of infectious diseases: Difference NSS (p=0.203) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.240) exp 2 vs. control p-trend= 0.240 Prevalence of summer colds: Difference NSS (p=0.488) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.571) exp 2 vs. control p-trend= 0.571 Median number of episodes, total infectious diseases: Difference NSS (p=0.348) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.673) exp 2 vs. control p-trend= 0.612 Median number of episodes, summer colds: Difference NSS (p=0.857) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.804) exp 2 vs. control p-trend= 0.832 Prevalence of summer cold symptoms: Differences NSS (p=0.170, 0.243, 0.895, 0.401, 0.685, 0.305 and 0.571, respectively) for sore throat, cough, nasal secretion, nasal congestion, headache, chills, and fatigue | Median duration, total infectious diseases: SS decrease (p=0.045) exp 1 vs. control SS decrease (p=0.010) exp 2 vs. control p-trend=0.011 Median duration, summer cold: Difference NSS (p=0.204) exp 1 vs. control SS decrease (p=0.036) exp 2 vs. control p-trend= 0.060 Median duration of cold sores, gastroenteritis, styes: Differences NSS (p-values not reported) exp 1 and 2 vs. control Median duration of summer cold symptoms: Differences NSS (p=0.096, 0.196, 0.283, 0.884, 0.657, 0.599, and 0.095, respectively) for sore throat, cough, nasal secretion, nasal congestion, headache, chills, and fatigue Number of medications, total infectious diseases: Difference NSS (p=0.561) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.910) exp 2 vs. control p-trend=0.873 Number of medications, summer colds: Difference NSS (p=0.736) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.895) exp 2 vs. control p-trend=0.913 Median duration of medication, total infectious diseases: Difference NSS (p=0.352) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.120) exp 2 vs. control p-trend=0.085 Median duration of medication, summer colds: Difference NSS (p=0.460) exp 1 vs. control Difference NSS (p=0.082) exp 2 vs. control p-trend=0.053 |