Table 1 Characteristics of included studies, organized by outcome, dairy exposure, and study quality (N=45)
Author (Year) | Study Design | Geographical Location | Study Period | Dairy Product or Component | Study Outcome | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shinohara et al. (2020) [20] | Clinical trial | Japan | NR | Milk | Incidence: URTI | Neutral |
Turchet et al. (2003) [21] | Clinical trial | Italy | NR | Fermented milk with traditional ferments and L. casei DN-114 001 | Incidence: winter infections | Negative |
Nagata et al. (2011) [22] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2006 | Fermented milk with L. casei Shirota | Incidence: norovirus gastroenteritis | Positive |
Fukushima et al. (2007) [23] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2002-2003 | Fermented milk with L. johnsonii La1 (NCC533) and S. thermophilus | Incidence: infection requiring antibiotics | Positive |
Corsello et al. (2017) [24] | Clinical trial | Italy | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2014-2015 | Fermented milk with L. paracasei CBA L74 | Incidence: CID | Positive |
Nocerino et al. (2017) [25] | Clinical trial | Italy | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2012 | Fermented milk with L. paracasei CBA L74 | Incidence: CID | Positive |
Kinoshita et al. (2019) [26] | Clinical trial | Japan | Enrollment: 2016; Follow-up: 2016-2017 | Traditional yogurt | Incidence: common cold or influenza | Positive |
Makino et al. (2010) [27] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2005 (Funagata) or 2007 (Arita) | Traditional yogurt | Incidence: common cold or influenza Natural history: H. pylori | Positive |
Meng et al. (2016) [28] | Clinical trial | United States | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2012-2014 | Traditional yogurt and probiotic yogurt with B. animalis subsp. lactis BB‑12 | Incidence: common cold or influenza | Positive |
Pu et al. (2017) [29] | Clinical trial | China | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2013 | Probiotic yogurt with L. paracasei N1115 | Incidence: URTI | Positive |
Zhang et al. (2021) [30] | Clinical trial | China | NR | B. animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 | Incidence: Common cold and influenza-like illness | Neutral |
Guillemard et al. (2010a) [31] | Clinical trial | Germany | NR | Traditional ferments and L. casei DN-114 001 | Incidence: CID, including URTI, LRTI and GITI | Positive |
Guillemard et al. (2010b) [32] | Clinical trial | Germany | NR | Traditional ferments and L. casei DN-114 001 | Incidence: CID, including URTI, LRTI, influenza and GITI | Positive |
Merenstein et al. (2010) [33] | Clinical trial | United States | NR | Traditional ferments and L. casei DN-114 001 | Incidence: CID, including GITI, LRTI, and URTI | Positive |
Tiollier et al. (2007) [34] | Clinical trial | France | NR | Traditional ferments and L. casei DN-114 001 | Incidence: RTI | Neutral |
Vaisberg et al. (2019) [35] | Clinical trial | Brazil | NR | L. casei Shirota | Incidence: URTI | Positive |
Van Puyenbroeck (2012) [36] | Clinical trial | Belgium | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2007-2008 | L. casei Shirota | Incidence: RTI | Neutral |
Shida et al. (2017) [37] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2012-2013 | L. casei Shirota | Incidence: URTI | Positive |
Hatakka et al. (2001) [38] | Clinical trial | Finland | NR | L. rhamnosus GG | Incidence: RTI | Positive |
Sugimura et al. (2015) [39] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2013 | Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis JCM5805 | Incidence: common cold or influenza | Neutral |
Zhang et al. (2018) [40] | Clinical trial | China | NR | L. paracasei, L. casei 431, L. fermentium PCC | Incidence: URTI, influenza-like illness | Neutral |
Coman et al. (2017) [41] | Clinical trial | Italy | NR | L. rhamnosus IMC 501 and L. paracasei IMC 502 | Incidence: respiratory symptoms | Negative |
Perez et al. (2010)Â [42] | Clinical trial | Argentina | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2006-2007 | L. casei CRL431 and L. acidophilus | Incidence: URTI, gastroenteritis, varicella, and pneumonia | Positive |
Kaido et al. (2012 [43]) | Retrospective cohort | Japan | Enrollment: 2009-2011 | Hydrolyzed whey peptides | Incidence: bacteremia | Neutral |
Vitetta et al. (2013) [44] | Clinical trial | Australia | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2008-2010 | Bovine lactoferrin/whey protein Ig-rich fraction (Lf/IgF) | Incidence: common cold | Positive |
Oda et al. (2021) [45] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2017 | Bovine lactoferrin | Incidence: infectious diseases | Neutral |
King et al. (2007) [46] | Clinical trial | United States | NR | Bovine lactoferrin | Incidence: URTI, AOM, LRTI | Positive |
Kaur and Gathwala (2015) [47] | Clinical trial | India | Enrollment: 2012-2013 | Bovine lactoferrin | Incidence: sepsis | Positive |
Akin et al. (2014) [48] | Clinical trial | Turkey | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2009-2011 | Bovine lactoferrin | Incidence: sepsis | Positive |
Manzoni et al. (2009) [49] | Clinical trial | Italy | Enrollment: 2007 | Bovine lactoferrin | Incidence: Bacterial and fungal late-onset sepsis | Positive |
Darand et al. (2022) [50] | Prospective cohort | Iran | Enrollment: 2014-2016 | Estimated intake of dairy, milk, yogurt and cheese from food frequency questionnaire | COVID-19 seroprevalence | Positive |
Deschasaux-Tanguy et al. (2021) [51] | Prospective cohort | France | Enrollment: 2009 and on-going Follow-up: 2020 | Estimated intake of dairy, milk, yogurt and cheese | COVID-19 seroprevalence | Positive |
Cameron et al. (2004) [52] | Case-control | Australia | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2000-2001 | Estimated intake of milk and cheese | Campylobacter jejuni infection | Positive |
Yordanov et al. (2017) [53] | Cross-sectional | Bulgaria | NR | Estimated intake of yogurt | H. pylori seroprevalence | Neutral |
Ishizaki et al. (2017) [54] | Clinical trial | Vietnam | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2012 | Fermented milk with L. casei Shirota | Natural history: HIV | Neutral |
Retrospective cohort | Tanzania | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2008 | Probiotic yogurt with L. rhamnosus GR-1 (Fiti) | Natural history: HIV | Neutral | |
Hummelen et al. (2011) [57] | Clinical trial | Tanzania | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2008 | L. rhamnosus GR-1 | Natural history: HIV | Positive |
Yoon et al. (2019) [58] | Clinical trial | South Korea | NR | L. paracasei HP7, Glycyrrhiza glabra | Natural history: H. pylori | Positive |
Felley et al. (2001) [59] | Clinical trial | Switzerland | NR | L. johnsonii La1 | Natural history: H. pylori | Positive |
Algahtani et al. (2021) [60] | Clinical trial | Egypt | Enrollment: 2020 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: COVID-19 | Positive |
Rosa et al. (2021) [61] | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Enrollment: 2020-2021 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: COVID-19 | Positive |
Campione et al. (2021) [62] | Clinical trial | Italy | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2020 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: COVID-19 | Neutral |
Ueno et al. (2006) [63] | Clinical trial | Japan | Enrollment: 2001, Interim analysis: 2004 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: HCV | Positive |
Kaito et al. (2007) [64] | Clinical trial | Japan | Enrollment: 2009-2011 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: HCV | Positive |
Ishibashi et al. (2005) [65] | Clinical trial | Japan | Both enrollment and follow-up: 2002-2004 | Bovine lactoferrin | Natural history: HCV | Positive |