Table 3 Metabolic status of study participants at baseline and after 12 weeks trial

25(OH) vitamin D (ng/mL) (Crude)

31.4 ± 8.4

(27.5, 35,4)

31.7 ± 10.3

(27.8, 35.7)

0.91

27.5 ± 8.7

(21.7,33.3)

46.9 ± 17.6

(41.1,52.8)

< 0.001

-3.9 ± 10.9

(-9.1,1.1)

15.2 ± 13.7

(10.1,20.4)

< 0.001

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

27.7 ± 12.4

(22.3, 4.9)

46.8 ± 12.4

(41.5, 5.0)

< 0.001

-3.9 ± 2.6

(-9.2, 1.3)

15.1 ± 2.6

(9.9, 20.4)

< 0.001

VDR (ng/mL) (Crude)

55.5 ± 14.2

(48.9,62.2)

58.6 ± 17.3

(52.0,65.3)

0.51

53.0 ± 12.7

(47.3,58.8)

62.7 ± 14.6

(56.9,68.5)

0.04

-2.5 ± 10.5

(-7.0,0.9)

4.1 ± 11.1

(0.7,8.6)

0.008

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

54.3 ± 9.6

(50.6,3.2)

62.6 ± 9.6

(57.6,5.4)

0.01

-2.8 ± 2.0

(-6.8,1.2)

4.4 ± 2.0

(0.4,8.4)

0.01

PTH (ng/mL) (Crude)

34.6 ± 8.8

(31.2,38.0)

34.6 ± 7.4

(31.2,38.0)

0.99

22.5 ± 7.7

(19.7,25.2)

19.3 ± 5.3

(16.5,22.1)

0.28

-12.1 ± 11.8

(-15.0,-9.4)

-15.3 ± 7.4

(-18.1,12.5)

0.11

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

22.3 ± 6.7

(19.25,5.1)

19.5 ± 6.7

(16.22,7.3)

0.17

-12.4 ± 1.4

(-15.2,-9.5)

-15.2 ± 1.4

(-18.0,-12.3)

0.17

ALT (IU/L) (Crude)

30.3 ± 24.1

(19.7,40.8)

33.9 ± 26.1

(23.3, 44.5)

0.62

36.2 ± 25.1

(26.9,45.4)

22.1 ± 18.3

(12.9,31.4)

< 0.001

5.9 ± 13.4

(0.4,10.4)

-11.8 ± 13.5

(-16.3,-6.3)

< 0.001

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

37.6 ± 12.0

(32.5,42.7)

20.7 ± 12.0

(15.6,25.8)

< 0.001

5.5 ± 2.5

(0.4,10.6)

-11.4 ± 2.5

(-16.5,-6.3)

< 0.001

AST (IU/L) (crude)

24.2 ± 9.2

(19.8,28.7)

25.3 ± 11.8

(20.8, 29.7)

0.73

25.4 ± 9.6

(21.5,29.2)

20.9 ± 8.7

(17.1,24.8)

0.001

1.2 ± 3.9

(-1.0,3.0)

-4.3 ± 6.6

(-6.2,-2.2)

0.001

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

25.7 ± 4.8

(23.7,27.7)

20.6 ± 4.8

(18.6,22.7)

0.001

0.94 ± 1.0

(-1.1, 3.0)

-4.1 ± 1.0

(-6.1,-2.1)

0.001

Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) (Crude)

102.0 ± 21.9

(93.7, 110.3))

103.9 ± 17.3

(95.6,112.2)

0.74

108.9 ± 24.8

(100.1,117.6)

98.7 ± 15.8

(89.9,107.4)

< 0.001

6.9 ± 9.4

(3.6,10.1)

-5.2 ± 5.1

(-8.4,-2.0)

< 0.001

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

109.7 ± 7.7

(106.4,113.0)

97.9 ± 7.7

(94.6,101.1)

< 0.001

6.7 ± 1.6

(3.5,10.0)

-5.1 ± 1.6

(-8.4,-1.8)

< 0.001

Fasting serum insulin (µIU/mL) (Crude)

24.6 ± 9.5

(20.8,28.3)

25.2 ± 8.2

(21.5,29.0)

0.81

21.8 ± 10.4

(16.8,26.7)

24.8 ± 13.1

(19.8,29.8)

0.54

-2.8 ± 11.5

(-8.0,1.9)

-0.44 ± 14.8

(-5.1,4.7)

0.41

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

21.6 ± 12.0

(16.7,26.7)

24.8 ± 12.0

(19.8,29.8)

0.38

-3.2 ± 2.5

(-8.2,1.8)

-0.1 ± 2.5

(-5.1,4.9)

0.38

HOMA-IR (Crude)

6.1 ± 2.6

(5.2,7.1)

6.4 ± 1.9

(5.4,7.4)

0.69

5.8 ± 2.9

(4.4,7.2)

6.1 ± 3.7

(4.7,7.5)

0.99

-0.29 ± 3.1

(-1.7,1.0)

-0.29 ± 3.8

(-1.6,1.1)

0.87

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

5.8 ± 3.4

(4.5,7.3)

6.1 ± 3.4

(4.7,7.4)

0.87

-0.37 ± 0.69

-0.21 ± 0.69

0.87

QUICKI (Crude)

0.30 ± 0.01

(0.29,0.30)

0.29 ± 0.01

(0.29,0.31)

0.53

0.30 ± 0.02

(0.29,0.31)

0.30 ± 0.02

(0.29,0.31)

0.88

0.006 ± 0.0

(-0.003,0.02)

0.007 ± 0.02

(-0.003,0.02)

0.99

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

0.30 ± 0.02

(0.29,0.31)

0.30 ± 0.02

(0.29,0.31)

0.91

0.007 ± 0.00

(-0.003,0.02)

0.006 ± 0.005

(-0.004,0.02)

0.91

HDL (mg/dL) (Crude)

47.6 ± 10.1

(42.3,52.9)

47.3 ± 14.5

(42.0,52.6)

0.93

45.6 ± 7.8

(41.0,50.2)

51.3 ± 13.4

(46.6,55.9)

< 0.001

-2.0 ± 5.2

(-3.9,-0.006)

3.9 ± 5.4

(2.0,5.9)

< 0.001

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

45.5 ± 4.8

(43.5,47.5)

51.3 ± 4.8

(49.3,53.3)

< 0.001

-1.9 ± 1.0

(-3.9,0.08)

3.9 ± 1.0

(1.9, 5.9)

< 0.001

LDL (mg/dL) (Crude)

100.2 ± 22.8

(89.6,110.8)

103.8 ± 27.4

(93.2,114.4)

0.63

105.9 ± 24.4

(94.6,117.2)

94.8 ± 29.1

(83.5,106.1)

0.008

5.7 ± 19.5

(-2.0,12.8)

-9.0 ± 16.6

(-16.1,-1.3)

0.01

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

106.0 ± 16.3

(99.0,113.0)

94.7 ± 16.3

(87.7,101.6)

0.03

4.0 ± 3.4

(-2.9,11.0)

-7.3 ± 3.4

(-14.3,-0.36)

0.03

TC(mg/dL) (Crude)

188.8 ± 34.3

(172.4,205.1)

194.1 ± 43.1

(177.7,210.4)

0.65

198.8 ± 36.0

(181.4,216.2)

183.6 ± 46.1

(166.2,200.1)

0.02

10.0 ± 23.4

(-2.8,21.6)

-10.5 ± 35.6

(-22.1,2.3)

0.03

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

197.7 ± 27.3

(187.1,210.3)

183.7 ± 27.3

(172.1,195.3)

0.07

7.2 ± 5.7

(-4.3,18.8)

-7.7 ± 5.4

(-19.3,3.8)

0.07

TG ((mg/dL) Crude)

153.1 ± 85.8

(121.5,184.6)

143.6 ± 62.6

(112.0,175.2)

0.67

161.0 ± 93.2

(127.3,194.8)

138.2 ± 65.0

(104.4,172.0)

0.25

7.9 ± 38.4

(-8.3,24.8)

-5.4 ± 39.9

(-22.2,10.9)

0.24

(Adjusted)

-

-

-

155.9 ± 39.8

(139.1,172.7)

143.3 ± 39.8

(126.5,160.1)

0.29

7.6 ± 8.3

(-9.2,24.4)

-5.0 ± 8.3

(-21.8,11.8)

0.29