Table 1 Participants and intervention characteristics
Source, year | Study characteristics | Participant characteristics | Exercise intervention characteristics | Dietary intervention characteristics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size (sex) | Intervention Groups | Intervention duration (~ week) | Outcomes | Health status | Age (years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Type | Protocol | Weekly sessions (weekly min) | ||
Batitucci, et al. 2022 [38] | 60 (F) | EX DI EX + DI | 8 weeks | Weight, BMI, WC, BF (%), FFM, VO2max | Obesity | EX:33.0 ± 3.0 DI:30.0 ± 5.0 EX + DI:32.0 ± 4.4 | EX:31.8 ± 2.02 DI:34.8 ± 3.2 EX + DI:34.0 ± 2.6 | HIIT | Exercise execution 30-45 s at 70–85% HRmax with 15-30 s recovery, total 25 min duration | 3 Supervised sessions (75) | IF protocol: 5:2 (5 days’ ad libitum & 2 days fasting); 6:18 h (6 h eating period & 18 h of complete fasting); 25% of the total daily energy needs on IF days (approximate total of 600 kcal that were divided into two meals), while on the other days of the week food was allowed ad libitum |
Bhutani et al. 2013c [39] | 67 (M & F) | EX DI EX + DI | 12 weeks | Weight, BMI, BF (kg), FFM, WC, Chol, TG, HDL, LDL, Glucose, Insulin, SBP, DBP | Obesity | EX:42.0 ± 9.8 DI:42.0 ± 10.0 EX + DI:45.0 ± 21.1 | EX:35.0 ± 4.9 DI:35.0 ± 5.0 EX + DI:35.0 ± 4.2 | Aerobic | 25–40 min at 60–75% of HRmax | 3 supervised sessions (75–120) | IF protocol: Week 1–4: Consumed 25% of their baseline energy needs on the fast day (24 h) and consumed food ad libitum on each feed day (24 h) Week 5–12: continued with the IF regimen but no fast day food was provided to them, fast day meals were consumed between 12.00 pm and 2.00 pm to ensure that each subject was undergoing the same duration of fasting, 30% kcal from fat, 15% kcal from protein, and 55% kcal from carbohydrate |
Cho et al. 2019 [40] | 78 (M & F) | EX DI EX + DI | 8 weeks | Weight, BMI, BF (kg), Visceral fat, Glucose, Insulin, Chol, TG, HDL, LDL, VO2max | Overweight or obesity | EX:38.6 ± 8.2 DI:33.5 ± 5.0 EX + DI:34.5 ± 5.7 | EX:26.9 ± 3.9 DI:27.8 ± 3.4 EX + DI:28.0 ± 2.6 | Combined | 40 min resistance exercise including weight training machines, barbells, and dumbbells; and 20 min aerobic exercise | 3 supervised sessions (180) | IF protocol: 3:4 (3 days fasting & 4 days’ ad libitum), 25% of their daily recommended energy intake (approximately 500 kcal) on each “fast day” (24 h), and consumed food ad libitum on each “feed day” (24 h) |
Cooke et al. 2022 [41] | 45 (M & F) | EX DI EX + DI | 16 weeks | Weight, Visceral fat, BF (kg), FFM, WC, VO2max, Glucose, TG, Chol, HDL, LDL, SBP, DBP | Overweight or obesity | EX:32.0 ± 8.3 DI:37.0 ± 5.9 EX + DI:39.0 ± 6.8 | EX:32.0 ± 4.4 DI:30.0 ± 3.9 EX + DI:34.0 ± 2.1 | HIIT | 4–6 × 20 s cycling at 150% VO2peak followed by 40 s of active recovery, total 10 min duration | 3 supervised sessions (30) | IF protocols: 5:2 (2 days fasting & 5 days’ ad libitum), fasting day intake was limited to a single 600 kilocalorie (kcal) foe men and 500 kcal meal for women |
Ezpeleta et al. 2023 [42] | 60 (M & F) | EX DI EX + DI | 12 weeks | Weight, BMI, BF (kg), Visceral fat, FFM | Obesity and NAFLD | EX:44.0 ± 13.4 DI:44.0 ± 13.4 EX + DI:44.0 ± 13.4 | EX:37.0 ± 26.8 DI:36.0 ± 35.8 EX + DI:37.0 ± 22.4 | Aerobic | 60 min at 65–80% of HRmax | 5 supervised sessions (300) | IF protocol: 600 kcal/2,500 kJ “fast day” alternated with an ad libitum intake “feast day”. The feast and fast days began at 12 am each day. Therefore, subjects fasted for approximately 17–20 h on the fast day |
Haganes et al. 2022 [43] | 98 (F) | EX DI EX + DI | 7 weeks | Glucose, Insulin, Weight, BF (kg), Visceral fat, VO2max, TG, Chol, HDL, LDL, SBP, DBP | Overweight or obesity | EX:34.9 ± 7.0 DI:36.2 ± 5.9 EX + DI:37.3 ± 5.7 | EX:32.5 ± 4.5 DI:31.8 ± 3.3 EX + DI:31.4 ± 4.0 | HIIT | 4 × 4-min work bouts at 90–95% HRmax, separated by 3 min moderate-intensity recovery, while the third session comprised 10 × 1-min work bouts at ≥ 90% of HRmax separated by 1 min low-intensity recovery | 3 supervised sessions (108) | TRE protocol: ≤ 10-h daily eating window, with ad libitum energy intake |
Hottenrott et al. 2020 [46] | 40 (M & F) | EX EX + DI | 12 weeks | Weight, BF (kg), Visceral fat | Overweight | EX:45.5 ± 7.8 EX + DI:45.5 ± 7.8 | 25–30 kg/m2 | Combined | 30–60 min running and 20 min of strength training (training plans based on performance status and individual heart rate training zones) | 3–4 supervised sessions (ND) | IF protocol: 4:3 (3 days fasting & 4 days’ ad libitum) for the first 3 weeks, IF started with half-day fasting (800/1200 kcal per day, women/men), After 3 weeks: IF program: 5:2 (2 days fasting & 5 days’ ad libitum) with a daily caloric intake of 400 kcal for female and 600 kcal for male |
Kotarsky et al. 2021 [44] | 23 (M & F) | EX EX + DI | 8 weeks | Weight, BMI, WC, Visceral fat, BF (kg), FFM, Insulin, Chol, HDL, SBP, DBP | Overweight and obesity | EX:44.0 ± 6.3 EX + DI:45.0 ± 9.9 | EX:29.4 ± 2.5 EX + DI:29.8 ± 2.7 | Combined | 75 min aerobic exercise at moderate-to-vigorous (≥ 55% HRR) intensity, and resistance exercises, 3 sets with 12 reps | 3 supervised sessions (~ 150–300) | TRE protocol: consume all their calories between 12:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. each day, inducing a fasting window of 16 h |
Maaloul et al. 2023 [45] | 20 (M) | DI EX + DI | 4 weeks | Weight, BF (kg), Glucose, Chol, TG, HDL, LDL | Obesity | DI:33.4 ± 7.9 EX + DI:30.2 ± 6.1 | DI:32.06 ± 3.6 EX + DI:34.1 ± 4.9 | Combined | 8 intervals of 1 min at 90% of VO2max alternated with 2 min recovery at 45% of VO2max, and resistance exercised; 3 sets with 10–12 reps at 60–75% of 1RM | 4 supervised sessions (ND) | Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting protocol: the daily fasting duration during this study was approximately 16 h |
Liu et al. 2023 [37] | 58 (F) | EX DI EX + DI | 8 weeks | Weight, BMI, BF, Chol, TG, HDL, LDL, SBP, DBP, LBM | Hidden obesity | EX:20.1 ± 1.4 DI:20.3 ± 1.8 EX + DI:19.9 ± 0.6 | EX:21.4 ± 1.6 DI:21.6 ± 1.2 EX + DI:21.6 ± 1.5 | Aerobic | 11,000–12,499 steps per day | 7 unsupervised sessions (ND) | Time-restricted feeding protocol: time-restricted feeding for 8 h, that is, eating at their discretion between 10:00 and 18:00 daily and fasting for the remainder of the day |
Xu et al. 2022 [35] | 57 (M & F) | EX EX + DI | 4 weeks | Weight, BMI, LBM, FM, WC, TG, Chol, HDL, LDL, VO2max | Overweight or obesity | 21.3 ± 2.24 | EX:26.1 ± 2.0 EX + DI:26.9 ± 1.5 | HIIT | 5 intervals of 3 min at 80% of VO2max separated by brief periods at 50% (Total time:30 min) | 5 supervised sessions (150) | IF protocol: Intermittent energy restriction protocol: 2:5, 30% of their daily recommended energy intake (approximately 500–1,000 kcal) |