Table 1 Patient characteristics (n = 161) before and after intervention

Age (y, range)

54 (26–74)

Sex (% male)

44.1

Ethnicity (% Caucasian)

73 (55.7)

Homocysteine (umol/L)

12.1 ± 4.1

12.1 ± 4.2

0.880

Weight (kg):

104.6 ± 19.9

94.5 ± 18.1

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

36.4 ± 5.8

32.9 ± 5.4

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

118.7 ± 13.0

110.3 ± 12.4

< 0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

62.7 ± 14.3

55.2 ± 15.6

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

9.1 ± 2.8

8.2 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.6 (2.9–9.3)

4.3 (2.2–7.5)

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.2 (0.5–2.5)

1.2 (0.5–2.4)

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.7 (1.0-6.4)

2.4 (0.5–5.7)

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.5 (0.4–25.2)

1.8 (0.5–13.4)

< 0.001

ApoB (g/L)

0.9 (0.4–2.1)

0.8 (0.4–1.4)

< 0.001

Lp(a) (mg/dL)

49.7 (0.0-246.1)

60.1 (0.0-279.7)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

140.4 ± 20.1

140.6 ± 21.0

0.405

GFR (mL/min)

75.7 ± 17.8

Microvascular complications n (%)

51 (44.3)

Macrovascular complications n (%)

36 (27.5)

Insuline users n (%)

81 (62.3)

Smokers n (%)

19 (15.3)

16 (17.2)

0.250

Alcohol users n (%)

33 (26.4)

19 (20.4)

0.549