Effect of nutrition education integrating the health belief model and theory of planned behavior on dietary diversity of pregnant women in Southeast Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Comparison of the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior constructs between and within the intervention and control groups using an independent t test and a paired t test during pregnancy in Southeast Ethiopia, 2021

HBM and TPB constructs	Study period	HBM and TPB constructs score		P
HBM and TPB constructs	Study period	Control group, Mean ± SD	Intervention group, Mean ± SD	P
Perceived susceptibility	Baseline Endline P	5.27 ± 2.2 5.46 ± 1.95 0.04	5.33 ± 2.48 7.43 ± 1.74 < 0.0001	0.80 < 0.0001
Perceived severity	Baseline Endline P	8.05 ± 2.70) 8.57 ± 2.49) < 0.0001	7.34 ± 2.72 8.30 ± 2.36 < 0.0001	0.006 0.25
Perceived Benefit	Baseline Endline P	11.04 ± 1.66 10.86 ± 1.79 0.10	11.46 ± 1.42 11.57 ± 1.22 0.07	0.004 < 0.0001
Perceived barriers	Baseline Endline P	8.55 ± 2.71 9.25 ± 2.88 < 0.0001	8.20 ± 2.43 7.88 ± 2.54 0.02	0.39 < 0.0001
Cues to action	Baseline Endline P	11.0 ± 2.61 11.61 ± 1.44 < 0.0001	11.65 ± 1.15 11.55 ± 1.19 0.25	< 0.0001 0.57
Self-efficacy	Baseline Endline P	9.22 ± 2.07 9.55 ± 11.81 < 0.0001	9.93 ± 2.28 10.58 ± 1.69 < 0.0001	0.001 < 0.0001
Attitude	Baseline Endline P	13.32 ± 1.66 13.61 ± 1.69 0.002	12.32 ± 3.84 14.23 ± 1.49 < 0.0001	< 0.0001 < 0.0001
Subjective norm	Baseline Endline P	13.46 ± 1.55 13.80 ± 1.39 < 0.0001	12.89 ± 3.71 14.29 ± 1.51 < 0.0001	0.04 < 0.0001
Perceived behavioral control	Baseline Endline P	7.48 ± 2.25 8.17 ± 1.92 < 0.0001	7.92 ± 2.44 9.37 ± 1.40 < 0.0001	0.04 < 0.0001
Behavioral intention	Baseline Endline P	31.62 ± 3.52 32.91 ± 2.39 < 0.0001	30.30 ± 8.07 33.64 ± 2.71 < 0.0001	0.02 0.003

HBM: Health belief model; TPB: Theory of planned behavior; P: P-value; SD: Standard deviation

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