Clusters of carbohydrate-rich foods and associations with type 2 diabetes incidence: a prospective cohort study

Nutrition Journal

Table 2 Hazard ratios (95% CI) of incident type 2 diabetes by clusters of carbohydrate-rich foods in participants in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (n = 26 622)

Variable	n total/n cases/person-years	Model 1¹	Model 2²	Model 3³	Model 4⁴
Cluster membership
High refined carbs/ low fruit & veg	13,622/2193/246,436	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
High vegetables/ Low added sugar	2168/334/42,289	1.02 (0.90, 1.15)	1.12 (0.99, 1.26)	0.98 (0.87, 1.11)	0.99 (0.88, 1.12)
High sugar-sweetened beverages	2119/355/36,715	1.13 (1.01, 1.27)*	1.08 (0.96, 1.21)	0.98 (0.87, 1.09)	0.97 (0.86, 1.08)
High juice	3682/498/68,606	0.91 (0.83, 1.01)	0.96 (0.87, 1.06)	0.95 (0.86, 1.05)	0.95 (0.86, 1.05)
High fruit	5031/666/95,138	0.87 (0.80, 0.96)*	0.93 (0.84, 1.01)	0.85 (0.78, 0.93)*	0.86 (0.78, 0.94)*

¹adjusted for age, sex, diet-method version, season, and total energy intake
²adjusted for age, sex, diet-method version, season, total energy intake, physical activity, alcohol habits, smoking, and education
³adjusted for age, sex, diet-method version, season, total energy intake, physical activity, alcohol habits, smoking, education, and BMI.
⁴adjusted for age, sex, diet-method version, season, total energy intake, physical activity, alcohol habits, smoking, education, coffee, red meat, and BMI.
^*P < 0.05

ISSN: 1475-2891