Development and validation of a novel food exchange system for Chinese pregnant women

Ding, Ye; Li, Genyuan; Zhang, Man; Shao, Yingying; Wu, Jieshu; Wang, Zhixu

doi:10.1186/s12937-023-00902-4

Nutrition Journal

Table 5 Comparison between energy and nutrients in derived recipes with the sample recipe

From: Development and validation of a novel food exchange system for Chinese pregnant women

	Sample recipe	Derived recipes	Median (P₂₅, P₇₅)	d	d%	D	D%
Energy (kcal/d)	2185.1	Traditional	2204.4 (2154.9, 2262.1)	19.3 (-30.3, 77.0)	0.9 (-1.4, 3.5)	48.5 (25.1, 90.5)	2.2 (1.1, 4.1)
Energy (kcal/d)	2185.1	NFES-CPW	2177.5 (2134.5, 2218.0)^**	-7.7 (-50.6, 32.9)^**	-0.4 (-2.3, 1.5)^**	37.8 (16.8, 66.5)	1.7 (0.8, 3.0)
Protein (g/d)	86.1	Traditional	78.3 (76.0, 79.5)	-7.8 (-10.1, -6.7)	-9.1 (-11.7, -7.7)	7.8 (6.7, 10.1)	9.1 (7.7, 11.7)
Protein (g/d)	86.1	NFES-CPW	84.9 (82.3, 88.8)^**	-1.2 (-3.8, 2.7)^**	-1.4 (-4.4, 3.2)^**	3.3 (1.9, 5.1)^**	3.8 (2.1, 5.9)^**
Carbohydrate (g/d)	311.9	Traditional	316.2 (308.4, 327.5)	4.3 (-3.5, 15.6)	1.4 (-1.1, 5.0)	8.7 (3.4, 16.7)	2.8 (1.1, 5.4)
Carbohydrate (g/d)	311.9	NFES-CPW	308.6 (296.7, 321.3)^*	-3.3 (-15.2, 9.4)^*	-1.1 (-4.9, 3.0)^*	13.4 (7.3, 22.5)	4.3 (2.3, 7.2)
Fat (g/d)	71.5	Traditional	72.9 (67.1, 81.3)	1.4 (-4.4, 9.8)	2 (-6.1, 13.7)	5.6 (-2.2, 10.2)	7.8 (3.1, 14.3)
Fat (g/d)	71.5	NFES-CPW	70.6 (67.2, 73.5)^*	-1.0 (-4.3, 2.0)^*	-1.3 (-6.0, 2.8)^*	2.9 (1.3, 4.8)^**	4.0 (1.8, 6.7)
Insoluble dietary fiber (g/d)	21.0	Traditional	16 (13.8, 19.3)	-5.0 (-7.2, -1.8)	-23.8 (-34.2, -8.3)	5.0 (2.2, 7.2)	23.8 (10.5, 34.2)
Insoluble dietary fiber (g/d)	21.0	NFES-CPW	20.3 (17.0, 21.4)^**	-0.8 (-4.0, 0.4)^**	-3.6 (-18.9, 1.8)^**	2.1 (0.6, 4.6)^**	9.8 (2.6, 21.9)^**
VA (µg RAE/d)	1144.0	Traditional	524.2 (467.7, 589.2)	-619.9 (-676.3, -554.8)	-54.2 (-59.1, -48.5)	619.9 (554.8, 676.3)	54.2 (48.5, 59.1)
VA (µg RAE/d)	1144.0	NFES-CPW	853.0 (799.2, 1003.3)^**	-291.0 (-344.8, -140.7)^**	-25.4 (-30.1, -12.3)^**	296.1 (181.6, 346.7)^**	25.9 (15.9, 30.3)^**
VB₁ (mg/d)	1.3	Traditional	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	-0.2 (-0.3, -0.1)	-15.4 (-21.2, -7.7)	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	15.4 (7.7, 21.2)
VB₁ (mg/d)	1.3	NFES-CPW	1.2 (1.1, 1.3)^**	-0.1 (-0.2, 0.0)^**	-7.7 (-15.4, 0.0)^**	0.1 (0.1, 0.2)^**	7.7 (7.7, 15.4)^**
VB₂ (mg/d)	1.6	Traditional	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)	-0.2 (-0.4, -0.1)	-12.5 (-25.0, -6.3)	0.2 (0.1, 0.4)	12.5 (7.8, 25.0)
VB₂ (mg/d)	1.6	NFES-CPW	1.6 (1.4, 1.8)^**	-0.1 (-0.2, 0.2)^**	-3.1 (-12.5, 10.9)^**	0.2 (0.1, 0.3)	12.5 (6.3, 18.8)
Folic acid (µg DFE/d)	626.3	Traditional	323.1 (273.7, 382.1)	-303.2 (-352.6, -244.2)	-48.4 (-56.3, -39.0)	303.2 (244.2, 352.6)	48.4 (39.0, 56.3)
Folic acid (µg DFE/d)	626.3	NFES-CPW	632.5 (620.9, 674.2)^**	6.2 (-5.4, 47.9)^**	1.0 (-0.9, 7.6)^**	21.3 (5.3, 48.9)^**	3.4 (0.8, 7.8)^**
VB₁₂ (µg/d)	18.1	Traditional	2.3 (1.3, 8.6)	-15.9 (-16.8, -9.5)	-87.6 (-92.7, -52.6)	15.9 (9.5, 16.8)	87.6 (52.6, 92.7)
VB₁₂ (µg/d)	18.1	NFES-CPW	10.2 (1.9, 17.3)^**	-8.0 (-16.2, -0.8)^**	-43.9 (-89.5, -4.6)^**	8.6 (3.6, 16.2)^**	47.5 (19.8, 89.5)^**
VC (mg/d)	145.6	Traditional	107.2 (93.5, 118.4)	-38.5 (-52.2, -27.2)	-26.4 (-35.8, -18.7)	40.2 (29.2, 53.6)	27.6 (20.1, 36.8)
VC (mg/d)	145.6	NFES-CPW	146.6 (133.7, 161.8)^**	1.0 (-11.9, 16.2)^**	0.7 (-8.2, 11.1)^**	12.8 (6.6, 23.0)^**	8.8 (4.5, 15.8)^**
Calcium (mg/d)	1295.8	Traditional	913.1 (870.8, 958.3)	-382.8 (-425.0, -337.5)	-29.5 (-32.8, -26.0)	382.8 (337.5, 425.0)	29.5 (26.0, 32.8)
Calcium (mg/d)	1295.8	NFES-CPW	1163.6 (1107.1, 1302.8)^**	-132.3 (-188.7, 7.0)^**	-10.2 (-14.6, 0.5)^**	157.5 (91.7, 208.9)^**	12.2 (7.1, 16.1)^**
Iron (mg/d)	29.8	Traditional	19.1 (17.8, 21.6)	-10.7 (-12.1, -8.2)	-35.9 (-40.4, -27.4)	10.7 (8.2, 12.1)	35.9 (27.4, 40.4)
Iron (mg/d)	29.8	NFES-CPW	27.2 (25.2, 31.9)**	-2.6 (-4.7, 2.1)**	-8.7 (-15.6, 7.0)**	3.8 (2.2, 6.7)**	12.6 (7.3, 22.4)**
Zinc (mg/d)	12.2	Traditional	11.0 (10.4, 12.1)	-1.3 (-1.8, -0.1)	-10.2 (-14.8, -0.8)	1.4 (0.9, 1.9)	11.5 (7.0, 15.6)
Zinc (mg/d)	12.2	NFES-CPW	14.0 (12.8, 14.6)**	1.8 (0.6, 2.4)**	14.8 (5.1, 19.7)**	1.8 (0.9, 2.4)	14.8 (7.0, 19.7)
Iodine (µg/d)	229.2	Traditional	193.2 (166.4, 201.8)	-36.0 (-62.8, -27.4)	-15.7 (-27.4, -12.0)	36.0 (27.4, 62.8)	15.7 (12.0, 27.4)
Iodine (µg/d)	229.2	NFES-CPW	241.0 (232.5, 261.0)**	11.8 (3.3, 31.8)**	5.1 (1.5, 13.9)**	14.0 (6.4, 37.0)**	6.1 (2.8, 16.2)**

NFES-CPW, Novel food exchange system for Chinese pregnant women; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; d, the relative difference; D, the absolute difference
d = data in the derived recipe - data in the sample recipe; D = |data in the derived recipe - data in the sample recipe|; d% = (d/data in the sample recipe) ×100%; D% = (D/data in the sample recipe) ×100%
P-values were assessed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for non-normally distributed continuous variables; ^nsP > 0.05, non-significant; ^*P < 0.05, significant; ^**P < 0.01, significant

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