Skip to main content

Table 2 The association of methylmalonic acid with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality

From: Methylmalonic acid, vitamin B12, and mortality risk in patients with preexisting coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study

   

MMA, nmol/L

 

Cause of death

log MMA* (n = 1755)

p value

T1 (n = 592)

T2 (n = 579)

T3 (n = 584)

p trend

All-cause

      

Deaths/ person-yrs&

980/15,877

-

255/6782

311/5060

414/4034

-

Crude

2.10 (1.80–2.46)#

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.66 (1.34–2.06)

2.87 (2.36–3.46)

< 0.001

Model 1

1.64 (1.41–1.93)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.14 (0.94–1.40)

1.87 (1.50–2.32)

< 0.001

Model 2

1.83 (1.56–2.16)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.12 (0.88–1.41)

1.79 (1.39–2.30)

< 0.001

Model 3

1.78 (1.51–2.12)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.11 (0.88–1.41)

1.70 (1.31–2.20)

< 0.001

CVD

      

Deaths/ person-yrs

425/15,877

-

98/6782

144/5060

183/4034

-

Crude

2.19 (1.83–2.62)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

2.05 (1.39–3.02)

3.30 (2.48–4.40)

< 0.001

Model 1

1.71 (1.41–2.08)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.39 (1.00-1.93)

2.10 (1.57–2.79)

< 0.001

Model 2

2.20 (1.71–2.84)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.40 (0.94–2.06)

2.15 (1.52–3.05)

< 0.001

Model 3

2.10 (1.61–2.74)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.38 (0.93–2.06)

2.00 (1.39–2.89)

< 0.001

Heart disease

      

Deaths/ person-yrs

369/15,877

-

88/6782

120/5060

161/4034

-

Crude

2.24 (1.86–2.72)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.97 (1.32–2.95)

3.30 (2.46–4.43)

< 0.001

Model 1

1.79 (1.46–2.20)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.36 (0.96–1.93)

2.14 (1.59–2.89)

< 0.001

Model 2

2.30 (1.76–3.02)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.36 (0.90–2.05)

2.11 (1.46–3.05)

< 0.001

Model 3

2.18 (1.63–2.91)

< 0.001

1 (ref.)

1.34 (0.88–2.04)

1.94 (1.31–2.87)

0.001

  1. Ref, treating the bottom group (MMA < 120nmol/L) as the reference; CVD, cardiovascular disease;
  2. *Hazard ratio per 1 unit increases of natural log-transformed MMA; & unweighted; # Values are weighted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
  3. Model 1: adjusted for age (years, continuous), sex (female or male), and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic-Mexican, or other)
  4. Model 2: additionally adjusted for smoking status (never, ever or current), physical activity (inactive, moderate, or vigorous), body mass index (< 18.5, 18.5–25, 25–30, or ≥ 30 kg/m2), hypertension (no/yes), diabetes (no/yes), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (no/yes), cancer (no/yes), total cholesterol (mmol/L, continuous), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L, continuous), C-reactive protein (mg/dL, continuous), Vitamin B12 (B12, continuous) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m², continuous)
  5. Model 3: additionally adjusted for metformin use (no/yes), ACEI/ARB use (no/yes), β-blocker use (no/yes), diuretics use (no/yes), anti-lipid use (no/yes) and anti-platelet use (no/yes)
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us