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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

From: Methylmalonic acid, vitamin B12, and mortality risk in patients with preexisting coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study

 

Circulating MMA, nmol/L

Variables

T1 (n = 592)

T2 (n = 579)

T3 (n = 584)

p trend

Age, years*

59.7 ± 0.69

66.7 ± 0.73

69.4 ± 0.71

< 0.001

Sex, %

   

0.08

Female

242 (39.2)

220 (39.5)

248 (46.6)

 

Male

351 (60.8)

360 (60.5)

336 (53.4)

 

Race/ethnicity, %

    

Non-Hispanic White

281 (73.5)

381 (82.9)

402 (83.6)

< 0.001

Non-Hispanic Black

135 (12.4)

81 (6.3)

72 (6.1)

< 0.001

Hispanic-Mexican

109 (5.4)

60 (3.3)

59 (2.4)

0.003

Other Ethnicity

68 (8.7)

58 (7.5)

51 (7.9)

0.063

BMI, kg/m2

30.1 ± 0.39

29.6 ± 0.31

29.3 ± 0.39

0.193

Smoking status

   

0.028

Never

223 (35.2)

226 (38.9)

237 (40.0)

 

Former

241 (41.1)

250 (40.5)

264 (44.5)

 

Current

129 (23.7)

104 (20.6)

83 (15.5)

 

Alcohol consumption, g/day

3.9 ± 0.41

5.4 ± 1.79

2.1 ± 0.27

< 0.001

Physical activity, %

   

< 0.001

Inactive activity

323 (49.1)

340 (55.0)

403 (65.7)

 

Moderate activity

163 (30.4)

183 (33.1)

154 (27.8)

 

Vigorous activity

107 (20.5)

57 (11.9)

27 (6.5)

 

Hypertension

431 (32.5)

431 (27.5)

481 (20.0)

0.002

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.9 ± 0.07

4.9 ± 0.07

4.7 ± 0.06

0.03

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.24 ± 0.02

1.3 ± 0.03

1.2 ± 0.02

0.497

CRP, mg/dl

0.6 ± 0.05

0.5 ± 0.04

0.6 ± 0.05

0.875

eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m²

89.0 ± 0.90

73.5 ± 0.95

61.0 ± 1.31

< 0.001

Diabetes, %

182 (24.6)

155 (22.6)

222 (34.9)

0.003

COPD, %

85 (6.4)

88 (7.7)

108 (9.0)

0.332

Cancer, %

81 (17.3)

166 (17.6)

132 (20.1)

< 0.001

B12, pg/mL

638.7 ± 26.88

579.4 ± 21.12

518.9 ± 19.28

< 0.001

ACEI/ARB, %

261 (45.0)

272 (43.3)

278 (46.0)

0.821

β-blocker, %

222 (36.8)

285 (49.0)

290 (50.8)

< 0.001

Diuretics, %

133 (19.8)

188 (28.3)

276 (47.2)

< 0.001

Anti-lipid agents, %

286 (52.7)

346 (62.8)

324 (59.4)

0.067

Anti-platelet agents, %

83 (13.4)

95 (18.0)

103 (17.6)

0.094

Metformin, %

80 (12.3)

68 (11.0)

61 (9.3)

0.216

  1. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard error. Categorical variables are presented as number (%). The number for categorical variables was unweighted. All estimates were adjusted for survey weights of NHANES. P for trend was estimated with linear regression for continuous variables and with logistic regression for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; B12: Vitamin B12
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Nutrition Journal

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