Table 2 Associations of dietary carotenoid intake with the risk of short and long sleep duration^a

α-Carotene

0.001

< 0.001

0.014

< 0.001

0.041

< 0.001

    < Q₁

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

    Q₁ - Q₃

0.873 (0.789, 0.967)

0.009

0.763 (0.672, 0.867)

< 0.001

0.903 (0.814, 1.002)

0.053

0.782 (0.688, 0.888)

< 0.001

0.915 (0.825, 1.014)

0.087

0.783 (0.689, 0.889)

< 0.001

    > Q₃

0.823 (0.733, 0.925)

0.001

0.680 (0.585, 0.790)

< 0.001

0.865 (0.772, 0.970)

0.013

0.698 (0.600, 0.812)

< 0.001

0.885 (0.788, 0.994)

0.039

0.700 (0.602, 0.815)

< 0.001

β_-Carotene

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

    < Q₁

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

    Q₁ - Q₃

0.852 (0.778, 0.934)

0.001

0.813 (0.723, 0.915)

0.001

0.879 (0.803, 0.963)

0.006

0.827 (0.734, 0.932)

0.002

0.895 (0.817, 0.980)

0.017

0.834 (0.740, 0.939)

0.003

    > Q₃

0.757 (0.683, 0.840)

< 0.001

0.627 (0.543, 0.724)

< 0.001

0.801 (0.725, 0.886)

< 0.001

0.648 (0.560, 0.749)

< 0.001

0.827 (0.748, 0.916)

< 0.001

0.654 (0.566, 0.757)

< 0.001

β_{-Cryptoxanthin}

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.002

0.001

0.002

    < Q₁

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

    Q₁ - Q₃

0.922 (0.836, 1.017)

0.105

0.893 (0.791, 1.008)

0.068

0.893 (0.791, 1.008)

0.068

0.908 (0.805, 1.025)

0.118

0.951 (0.862, 1.049)

0.309

0.909 (0.805, 1.026)

0.120

    > Q₃

0.767 (0.684, 0.860)

< 0.001

0.755 (0.646, 0.883)

0.001

0.755 (0.646, 0.883)

0.001

0.774 (0.660, 0.909)

0.002

0.824 (0.734, 0.925)

0.001

0.779 (0.664, 0.912)

0.002

Lycopene

0.059

0.044

0.102

0.062

0.160

0.073

    < Q₁

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

    Q₁ - Q₃

0.835 (0.751, 0.928)

0.001

0.831 (0.730, 0.946)

0.006

0.841 (0.757, 0.935)

0.002

0.841 (0.738, 0.957)

0.009

0.847 (0.761, 0.942)

0.002

0.846 (0.744, 0.962)

0.011

    > Q₃

0.890 (0.790, 1.002)

0.053

0.837 (0.703, 0.997)

0.046

0.901 (0.798, 1.018)

0.094

0.848 (0.712, 1.010)

0.064

0.914 (0.809, 1.033)

0.149

0.854 (0.717, 1.016)

0.075

Lutein + Zeaxanthin

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

0.001

    < Q₁

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

    Q₁ - Q₃

0.835 (0.761, 0.917)

< 0.001

0.870 (0.765, 0.988)

0.033

0.861 (0.785, 0.945)

0.002

0.889 (0.783, 1.010)

0.070

0.868 (0.788, 0.955)

0.004

0.893 (0.786, 1.014)

0.081

    > Q₃

0.723 (0.651, 0.802)

< 0.001

0.712 (0.602, 0.843)

< 0.001

0.761 (0.688, 0.843)

< 0.001

0.742 (0.625, 0.881)

0.001

0.789 (0.712, 0.874)

< 0.001

0.753 (0.634, 0.894)

0.001