Table 1 Characteristics of participants across sleep duration categories
Characteristics | Optimal N = 12,460 | Short N = 7914 | Long N = 2933 | Total N = 23,307 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Age (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
18–39 years | 4333 (35.74%) | 2563 (34.79%) | 1056 (38.52%) | 7952 (35.77%) | |
40–59 years | 3952 (36.71%) | 2945 (42.99%) | 661 (25.31%) | 7558 (37.32%) | |
≥60 years | 4175 (27.55%) | 2406 (22.22%) | 1216 (36.17%) | 7797 (26.91%) | |
Sex (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Female | 6501 (52.46%) | 3920 (48.64%) | 1666 (60.1%) | 12,087 (52.17%) | |
Male | 5959 (47.54%) | 3994 (51.36%) | 1267 (39.9%) | 11,220 (47.83%) | |
Race (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 5927 (73.05%) | 3075 (63.97%) | 1344 (68.36%) | 10,346 (69.7%) | |
Mexican American | 1855 (7.64%) | 999 (7.48%) | 440 (8.67%) | 3294 (7.71%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2090 (7.75%) | 2232 (15.49%) | 580 (10.54%) | 4902 (10.46%) | |
Other or multiracial | 2588 (11.57%) | 1608 (13.07%) | 569 (12.43%) | 4765 (12.13%) | |
Education (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Less than high school graduate | 2632 (13.08%) | 1811 (15.8%) | 821 (19.25%) | 5264 (14.64%) | |
High school graduate or GED | 2653 (20.46%) | 1959 (25.92%) | 751 (26.32%) | 5363 (22.83%) | |
Some college or above | 7175 (66.46%) | 4144 (58.28%) | 1361 (54.42%) | 12,680 (62.54%) | |
Income (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
0 ~ 130% PIR | 3462 (17.27%) | 2623 (23.21%) | 1145 (29.49%) | 7230 (20.53%) | |
130% ~ 350% PIR | 4687 (34.52%) | 3000 (36.7%) | 1136 (37.69%) | 8823 (35.56%) | |
350% PIR | 4311 (48.21%) | 2291 (40.09%) | 652 (32.81%) | 7254 (43.92%) | |
Behavioral characteristics | |||||
Smoke (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Never | 7283 (59.01%) | 4186 (51.78%) | 1638 (55.61%) | 13,107 (56.39%) | |
Former | 3124 (25.96%) | 1868 (24.47%) | 722 (24.27%) | 5714 (25.3%) | |
Current | 2053 (15.02%) | 1860 (23.75%) | 573 (20.13%) | 4486 (18.31%) | |
Drink (%) | 0.008 | ||||
No | 3129 (19.31%) | 2028 (20.61%) | 766 (22.13%) | 5923 (20.04%) | |
Yes | 9331 (80.69%) | 5886 (79.39%) | 2167 (77.87%) | 17,384 (79.96%) | |
Physical activity (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Inactive | 3752 (24.14%) | 2552 (27.07%) | 1167 (33.78%) | 7471 (26.17%) | |
Active | 8708 (75.86%) | 5362 (72.93%) | 1766 (66.22%) | 15,836 (73.83%) | |
Caffeine (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 3747 (24.98%) | 2385 (23.92%) | 993 (28.56%) | 7125 (25.07%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6332 (49.95%) | 3945 (49.37%) | 1499 (51.83%) | 11,776 (49.99%) | |
>Q3 | 2381 (25.07%) | 1584 (26.71%) | 441 (19.61%) | 4406 (24.94%) | |
Health characteristics | |||||
Body mass index (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
Underweight/Normal | 3633 (29.91%) | 1933 (24.66%) | 841 (29.51%) | 6407 (28.24%) | |
Overweight | 4114 (32.93%) | 2517 (32.49%) | 920 (31.72%) | 7551 (32.65%) | |
Obese | 4713 (37.16%) | 3464 (42.85%) | 1172 (38.77%) | 9349 (39.1%) | |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 8253 (70.12%) | 4833 (65.46%) | 1791 (63.56%) | 14,877 (67.92%) | |
Yes | 4207 (29.88%) | 3081 (34.54%) | 1142 (36.44%) | 8430 (32.08%) | |
Diabetes (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 10,731 (89.19%) | 6598 (86.7%) | 2394 (85.61%) | 19,723 (88.01%) | |
Yes | 1729 (10.81%) | 1316 (13.3%) | 539 (14.39%) | 3584 (11.99%) | |
Depression (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 11,860 (95.85%) | 7060 (90.18%) | 2676 (91.87%) | 21,596 (93.64%) | |
Yes | 600 (4.15%) | 854 (9.82%) | 257 (8.13%) | 1711 (6.36%) | |
Dietary carotenoid intake | |||||
α-Carotene (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 2939 (22.99%) | 2184 (27.64%) | 886 (30.39%) | 6009 (25.29%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6321 (50.38%) | 3926 (49.22%) | 1417 (48.15%) | 11,664 (49.76%) | |
>Q3 | 3200 (26.62%) | 1804 (23.14%) | 630 (21.47%) | 5634 (24.95%) | |
β-Carotene (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 3047 (22.28%) | 2344 (28.16%) | 931 (30.12%) | 6322 (25%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6250 (50.46%) | 3749 (49.17%) | 1424 (49.95%) | 11,423 (50%) | |
>Q3 | 3163 (27.26%) | 1821 (22.67%) | 578 (19.93%) | 5562 (24.99%) | |
β-Cryptoxanthin (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 2954 (24.21%) | 2231 (27.78%) | 838 (28.34%) | 6023 (25.79%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6051 (49.06%) | 3795 (49.9%) | 1403 (49.23%) | 11,249 (49.34%) | |
>Q3 | 3455 (26.73%) | 1888 (22.32%) | 692 (22.43%) | 6035 (24.87%) | |
Lycopene (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 3216 (23.21%) | 2322 (27.04%) | 925 (28.52%) | 6463 (25.01%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6287 (51.39%) | 3769 (47.87%) | 1360 (48.72%) | 11,416 (49.99%) | |
>Q3 | 2957 (25.4%) | 1823 (25.09%) | 648 (22.76%) | 5428 (25%) | |
Lutein + Zeaxanthin (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
<Q1 | 3089 (22.55%) | 2313 (28.49%) | 912 (28.83%) | 6314 (25.11%) | |
Q1-Q3 | 6290 (50.07%) | 3943 (49.26%) | 1452 (50.64%) | 11,685 (49.89%) | |
>Q3 | 3081 (27.38%) | 1658 (22.24%) | 569 (20.53%) | 5308 (25%) |