Different dietary carbohydrate component intakes and long-term outcomes in patients with NAFLD: results of longitudinal analysis from the UK Biobank

Table 3 HRs (95% CIs) of all-cause mortality according to total carbohydrates and different components of carbohydrates

Nutrients	Range^a (% energy)	Cases	Model 1		Model 2
Nutrients	Range^a (% energy)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	P_trend	HR (95% CI)	P_trend
Total carbohydrate^b				0.447		0.458
Q1	≤ 46.3	418	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	46.3–50.7	431	1.03 (0.90–1.18)		1.03 (0.90–1.18)
Q3	50.7–55.1	457	1.09 (0.95–1.24)		1.08 (0.94–1.23)
Q4	> 55.1	442	1.05 (0.92–1.21)		1.05 (0.92–1.21)
Free sugars				0.002		0.013
Q1	≤8.2	433	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	8.2–11.3	431	1.09 (0.95–1.25)		1.08 (0.95–1.24)
Q3	11.3–14.9	425	1.10 (0.96–1.27)		1.09 (0.95–1.25)
Q4	> 14.9	460	1.23 (1.08–1.41)		1.21 (1.04–1.39)
Non-free sugars				0.015		0.002
Q1	≤8.8	427	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	8.8–12.0	454	0.95 (0.83–1.08)		0.93 (0.81–1.06)
Q3	12.0–15.9	436	0.88 (0.76–1.00)		0.84 (0.73–0.97)
Q4	> 15.9	431	0.85 (0.74–0.97)		0.79 (0.68–0.92)
Starch				0.688		0.815
Q1	≤22.2	439	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	22.2–25.7	410	0.90 (0.79–1.03)		0.87 (0.76–1.00)
Q3	25.7–29.3	459	1.02 (0.89–1.16)		0.98 (0.86–1.12)
Q4	> 29.3	440	0.99 (0.86–1.13)		0.94 (0.82–1.09)
Fiber				0.279		0.003
Q1	≤13.7	416	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	13.7–17.1	443	1.01 (0.89–1.16)		0.95 (0.83–1.09)
Q3	17.1–21.0	435	0.97 (0.85–1.11)		0.88 (0.76–1.01)
Q4	> 21.0	434	0.94 (0.82–1.08)		0.79 (0.67–0.94)

Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, education level, household income, self-reported smoking status, sedentary behavior, body mass index, baseline diabetes, and baseline hypertension
Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus serum alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, cholesterol levels, total energy intake and total carbohydrate intake
^aUnit for fiber is grams
^bTotal carbohydrate intake was not adjusted in model 2

ISSN: 1475-2891