Different dietary carbohydrate component intakes and long-term outcomes in patients with NAFLD: results of longitudinal analysis from the UK Biobank

Table 2 HRs of ESLD according to total and different components of carbohydrate

Nutrients	Range^a (% energy)	Cases	Model 1		Model 2
Nutrients	Range^a (% energy)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	P_trend	HR (95% CI)	P_trend
Total carbohydrate^b				0.742		0.852
Q1	≤ 46.3	63	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	46.3–50.7	74	1.17 (0.83–1.63)		1.19 (0.85–1.66)
Q3	50.7–55.1	100	1.13 (0.89–1.42)		1.18 (0.84–1.64)
Q4	> 55.1	72	1.07 (0.75–1.51)		1.05 (0.74–1.50)
Free sugars				0.029		0.009
Q1	≤8.2	75	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	8.2–11.3	78	1.22 (0.88–1.69)		1.31 (0.93–1.84)
Q3	11.3–14.9	71	1.16 (0.83–1.63)		1.26 (0.88–1.81)
Q4	> 14.9	85	1.51 (1.08–2.10)		1.65 (1.14–2.39)
Non-free sugars				0.007		0.004
Q1	≤8.8	86	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	8.8–12.0	70	0.73 (0.53–1.01)		0.69 (0.50–0.95)
Q3	12.0–15.9	82	0.78 (0.57–1.06)		0.70 (0.51–0.97)
Q4	> 15.9	71	0.63 (0.45–0.88)		0.51 (0.35–0.74)
Starch				0.466		0.687
Q1	≤22.2	79	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	22.2–25.7	68	0.82 (0.59–1.15)		0.83 (0.59–1.16)
Q3	25.7–29.3	77	0.95 (0.69–1.31)		0.93 (0.66–1.29)
Q4	> 29.3	85	0.99 (0.72–1.38)		0.95 (0.66–1.36)
Fiber				0.001		0.002
Q1	≤13.7	91	1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Q2	13.7–17.1	87	0.86 (0.64–1.17)		0.83 (0.60–1.13)
Q3	17.1–21.0	69	0.74 (0.54–1.01)		0.67 (0.48–0.95)
Q4	> 21.0	62	0.62 (0.45–0.86)		0.55 (0.36–0.83)

Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, education level, household income, self-reported smoking status, sedentary behavior, body mass index, baseline diabetes, and baseline hypertension
Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus serum alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, cholesterol levels, total energy intake and total carbohydrate intake
^a Unit for fiber is grams
^b Total carbohydrate intake was not adjusted in model 2

ISSN: 1475-2891