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Table 3 Comparison of distribution of pre-formed water estimated by the prediction equation and dietary record according to a sex and age-stratified model

From: Distribution of water turnover by sex and age as estimated by prediction equation in Japanese adolescents and adults: the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan

 

n

Pre-formed water (ml/day)

 

Difference

Equation a

Dietary record b

 

Absolute (ml/day)

Relative (%)

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

 

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Men

        

15–19 years

559

2735

(2712 to 2758)

1648

(N/A)

 

-1087

(-1111 to -1064)

-39.7

(-40.3 to -39.2)

20–29 years

710

2654

(2628 to 2679)

1620

(N/A)

 

-1034

(-1059 to -1008)

-38.9

(-39.5 to -38.4)

30–39 years

1207

2718

(2709 to 2726)

1687

(N/A)

 

-1031

(-1040 to -1022)

-37.9

(-38.1 to -37.7)

40–49 years

1581

2742

(2734 to 2748)

1775

(N/A)

 

-967

(-974 to -960)

-35.3

(-35.4 to -35.1)

50–59 years

1486

2699

(2677 to 2720)

1867

(N/A)

 

-833

(-854 to -811)

-30.8

(-31.4 to -30.3)

60–69 years

2307

2597

(2565 to 2628)

1945

(N/A)

 

-652

(-684 to -621)

-25.1

(-26.0 to -24.2)

≥ 70 years   

2696

2318

(2275 to 2360)

1802

(N/A)

 

-516

(-559 to -474)

-22.2

(-23.7 to -20.8)

p for trend c

      

< 0.001

< 0.001

Women

          

15–19 years

491

2228

(2193 to 2262)

1299

(N/A)

 

-929

(-963 to -894)

-41.7

(-42.6 to -40.8)

20–29 years

779

2206

(2179 to 2233)

1312

(N/A)

 

-894

(-921 to -866)

-40.5

(-41.2 to -39.8)

30–39 years

1350

2339

(2328 to 2351)

1443

(N/A)

 

-896

(-908 to -884)

-38.3

(-38.6 to -38.0)

40–49 years

1819

2339

(2335 to 2343)

1494

(N/A)

 

-845

(-849 to -841)

-36.1

(-36.3 to -36.0)

50–59 years

1777

2345

(2327 to 2363)

1620

(N/A)

 

-725

(-742 to -707)

-30.9

(-31.4 to -30.4)

60–69 years

2641

2294

(2272 to 2316)

1680

(N/A)

 

-615

(-637 to -592)

-26.8

(-27.5 to -26.1)

≥ 70 years   

3498

2088

(2058 to 2117)

1564

(N/A)

 

-524

(-554 to -494)

-25.1

(-26.1 to -24.0)

p for trend c

      

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. CI, confidence interval; N/A, not available
  2. aPre-formed water was calculated by a prediction equation using values of calibrated energy intake estimated from dietary records
  3. bSince water intake from food estimated by dietary records has not been reported, the mean ratio of water in food in the dietary records of previous studies, 69%, was considered. The estimate of pre-formed water was calculated from the sum of water intake from food and drinks
  4. cLinear trend p values were calculated for the regression model using the continuous variable of age