Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants aged ≥ 40 years in NHANES 2007–2018 (n = 5,778)^a

No. Participants

5,516

133

129

Mushroom consumption (g/day); mean (SD)

0 -

4.5 (2.8)

24.7 (20.3)

 < 0.001

Serum UA (μmol/L); mean (SD)

309.7 (75.3)

299.3 (78.9)

315.2 (76.8)

0.690

Age (years); mean (SD)

53.2 (9.7)

52.6 (9.2)

53.1 (8.9)

0.822

Men; %

49.8

36.9

41.0

0.104

BMI (kg/m²); mean (SD)

27.9 (5.8)

28.1 (6.4)

28.0 (7.2)

0.988

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; mL/min/1.73m²; continuous); mean (SD)

93.9 (14.0)

96.2 (12.6)

95.5 (12.8)

0.127

HbA1c (%); mean (SD)

5.6 (0.7)

5.5 (0.4)

5.5 (0.4)

0.037

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SD)

122.1 (16.1)

118.4 (12.8)

117.8 (11.7)

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg); mean (SD)

73.0 (10.9)

72.7 (10.1)

71.1 (8.8)

0.152

Non-Hispanic White; %

73.6

84.6

83.5

0.004

Family PIR ≤ 1.30; %

15.1

8.4

7.1

0.015

Medical history (yes); %

 Hypertension

11.8

6.4

8.8

0.303

 Diabetes mellitus

4.6

2.5

1.4

0.218

Current smoker; %

18.9

8.2

14.7

0.061

Alcohol intake (g/day); mean (SD)

10.6 (22.2)

11.6 (22.4)

15.7 (20.9)

0.194

Total physical activity (METs-h/day); mean (SD)

10.5 (14.0)

9.0 (11.1)

8.1 (10.7)

0.075

Education above high school; %

66.1

73.3

82.6

0.051

Energy intake (kcal/day); mean (SD)

2,085.6 (706.1)

2,112.2 (623.7)

2,145.8 (680.9)

0.784

Food consumption

 Fish and shellfish (oz/day); mean (SD)

0.7 (1.7)

0.8 (1.7)

0.8 (1.3)

0.853

 Meat (oz/day); mean (SD)

2.6 (2.4)

2.2 (2.3)

2.3 (2.5)

0.258

 Vegetables (svg/day); mean (SD)

0.6 (0.6)

0.6 (0.6)

0.9 (0.6)

 < 0.001

 Fruit (svg/day); mean (SD)

1.1 (1.2)

1.0 (1.2)

1.6 (1.6)

0.078