Articles | Characteristics of participants (sample size, mean age) | Study design | Setting (Country) | Diagnosis algorithm | Interventions | Â | Outcomes | Â | Â |
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First author & Year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Mode of intervention | Content of Intervention | Effect on sarcopenia | Effect on obesity | Notable findings |
Maltais et al., 2016 [31] | Total (N = 26); Control (n = 10), Intervention 1, Int 1 (n = 8), Int 2 (n = 8) Mean age = 65 ± 5 years old (y/o) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 4 months Control: Post-exercise shakes Intervention 1: Dairy Group Int 2: Non-dairy isocaloric and Isoprotein | Research center, Canada | Sarcopenia: appendicular lean mass index lower than 10.75 kg/m2 Obesity: BMI > 30 kg/m2 | Three weekly 1 h-sessions, including a 10-min warm-up, were held on 3 non-consecutive days for 16 weeks. Drink the shake immediately after the exercise session Health education class: every 2 weeks | Control: Rice milk (0.6 g protein) 1.0-1.2 g protein/kg/day Int 1: Dairy shake (13.53 g protein, 7 g EAA) 1.3–2.1 g protein/kg/day Int 2: Non-dairy protein shake (12 g protein, 7 g EAA) 1.0-1.3 g protein/kg/day | Significant decreases were observed with Fat Mass only in the dairy supplement group. Resistance training significantly increased lean mass in all groups (p < 0.05) independently of supplementation (1.9 kg, nondairy shake; 1.7 kg, dairy shake; 1.4  kg, control). | Body weight significantly increased in the non-dairy shake group only (1.9 kg, p < 0.05). No changes were observed for body mass index. | Small number of participants were included in the group, statistical power to investigate any potential underlying mechanisms is limited. Resistance training combined with a milk-based post-exercise supplementation significantly reduced fat mass (FM) and increased lean mass (LM) No significant changes in biochemical profile (i.e. inflammatory marker). *men only |
Kim et al., 2016 [32] | Total (N = 139); Control (n = 34), Int 1 (n = 36), Int 2 (n = 35) Int 3 (n = 34) Mean age= Control (81.1 ± 5.1 y/o), Int 1 (80.9 ± 4.2) Int 2 (81.4 ± 4.3) Int 3 (81.2 ± 4.9) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 3 months Control: Health education Int 1: Exercise and nutrition supplement, Int 2: Exercise Int 3: Nutritional supplement | Community based, Japan | Sarcopenic obesity : body fat percent of 32% or greater, measured by dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA, Hologic QDR 4500 A), combined with skeletal muscle mass index less than 5.67 kg/m2 ; | Each exercise class was 60 min, twice per week Nutrition: Protein supplementation & Tea catechin was taken daily Edu class: every 2 weeks | Protein supplementation: 3 g leucine-enriched EAA Tea catechin: 540 mg catechin Education class: topic focused including cognitive function, long-term care insurance, etc. for elderly | Compared to control group, exercise (Ex) + nutrition (N) supplement group showed significant decreased in total body fat mass (p = 0.036) and increased stride (p = 0.038). Total body fat mass decreased in all intervention groups with greatest decrease found in Ex + N (5.5%, p = 0.036). | Exercise group showed decreased in trunk fat (p = 0.014). | The Ex + N and Ex interventions were over four times as likely to reduce body fat mass than the control group. Catechin can reduce body fat. Effects of exercise and nutrition alone were insufficient in increasing muscle strength among sarcopenic elderly people. No different in inflammatory biomarker. *women only |
Sammarco et al., 2017 [33] | Total (N = 18); Control (n = 9), Intervention (n = 9), Mean age= Control (58 ± 10y/o), Intervention (53.9 ± 9) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 4 months Control: Hypocaloric diet + placebo Int: Hypocaloric + high protein diet | Primary care setting, Italy | Obesity diagnosed as fat mass > 34.8% and sarcopenia was defined when lean body mass was < 90% of the subject’s ideal fat free mass | Adherence to diet through a 7-day dietary record, dietitians followed up via phone calls every 2 weeks | Control: low calorie diet (minus 10% from REE calorimetry; 0.8-1 g protein/kg/day) Intervention 1: Low calorie + high protein diet (1.2–1.4 g protein/kg/day) with 15 g of protein of high biological value for each main meal | Women with high-protein diet preserved lean body mass and improved in muscle strength compared to control group. | Weight significantly decreased in both groups. | Dietary protein enrichment may represent a protection from the risk of sarcopenia following a hypocaloric diet (increased muscle strength score + 1.6 kg). *women only |
Kemmler et al., 2017 [34] | Total (N = 100); Control (n = 34), Int 1 (n = 33), Int 2 (n-=33) Mean age= Control (76.9 ± 5.1y/o), Int 1 (77.1 ± 4.3), Int 2 (78.1 ± 5.1) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 4 months Control: Non-intervention Int 1: WB-EMS + protein supplementation Int 2: Isolated protein supplementation | Community based, German | Sarcopenia:EWGSOP Obesity: A percentage body fat ratio of > 27% (PBF) representing obesity | WB-EMS: 1.5 times per week, from 14 to 20 min after week 4 (4s electromuostimulation 4s rest) Protein supplement: Take with water, each time not more than 40 g (no specific time on intake) | Protein supplement + Vit D: Whey protein powder to achieve protein intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/day (per 100 g: 80 g whey protein, 9 g L-leucine, 57 g EAA) | Handgrip strength increased in the WB-EMS group (1.90 kg; P,0.001; P = 0.050 vs. control). Skeletal muscle mass increased significantly in both groups (P,0.001 and P = 0.043) and decreased significantly in the control group (p = 0.033). | Both intervention groups loss body fat (Int 1: 2.1%; Int 2: 1.1%), p < 0.001. | No adverse effects of WB-EMS or protein supplementation were found. *men only |
Kemmler et al., 2018 [35] | Total (N = 100); Control (n = 34), Int 1 (n = 33), Int 2 (n-=33) Mean age= Control (76.9 ± 5.1y/o), Int 1 (77.1 ± 4.3), Int 2 (78.1 ± 5.1) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 4 months Control: Non-intervention Int 1: WB-EMS + protein supplementation Int 2: Isolated protein supplementation | Community based, German | Sarcopenia:EWGSOP Obesity: A percentage body fat ratio of > 27% (PBF) representing obesity | WB-EMS: 1.5 times per week, from 14 to 20 min after week 4 (4s electromuostimulation 4s rest) Protein supplement: Take with water, each time not more than 40 g (no specific time on intake) | Protein supplement + Vit D: Whey protein powder to achieve protein intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/day (per 100 g: 80 g whey protein, 9 g L-leucine, 57 g EAA) | No mention in this article. | Total body fat was reduced significantly in the protein group (− 3.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.005) and WB-EMS + P (− 6.7 ± 6.2%; p < 0.001), but not in the control group (+ 1.6 ± 7.1%; p = 0.19). Trunk fat and waist circumference were decreased in intervention group (p < 0.001). | Moderate-high dosed of whey protein supplementation, especially when combined with WB-EMS, may be a feasible choice to address obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older sarcopenic obese adults. Treatment group showed improved in HDL-c but not statistic diff in TG and LDL-c level. *men only |
Nabuco et al., 2019 [36] | Total (N = 26); Control (n = 13), Intervention (n = 13), Mean age= Control (70.1 ± 3.9 y/o), Intervention (68.0 ± 4.2) | Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 3 months Control: Placebo + supervised resistance training Intervention: Protein supplement + supervised resistance training | Community, Brazil | Sarcopenic: Appendicular lean soft tissue ALST < 15.02 kg Obesity: body fat mass ≥ 35% | Protein: Consumed only on training day Resistance exercise: (8 exercises, 3 × 8–12 rep, 3 times a week) | Protein: 35 g of whey protein (1.0 g protein/kg/day) | Intervention group presented greater increased in ALST (p < 0.05) compared to control group. | Intervention group showed decreased in trunk fat mass (p < 0.05) compared to control group. | Both groups showed improved (p < 0.05) scores for muscle strength, functional capacity, and metabolism biomarkers (IL-6) but no significant different between groups. Resistance training increased HDL-c, reduced glucose, TG, and CRP, without affecting LDL-c, insulin. *women only |
Camajani et al., 2022 [37] | Total (N = 16); Mean age = 60 y/o (50–70 years) | Pre-post pilot study,45 days Intervention: Low calories diet + protein supplementation | Primary care, Italy | Sarcopenia: EWGSOP2 Obesity: Fat mass > 38%, according to NHANES III | Low calories diet: 1000 kcal/day (28% protein; 32% fat, 30% carbohydrate) Protein: taken at 5pm daily | Protein: 18 g whey protein (4.1 g of leucine); 5 mg vitamin D3; 1.38 g protein/kg/day | Women preserved total lean body mass and significantly improved their muscle strength, as measured by handgrip (15.3 vs. 20.1 Kg), and their muscle function. | A significant reduction in BMI (37.6 vs. 35.7 Kg/m2 ) and waist circumference (107 vs. 102.4 cm). Significant decreased in total trunk fat (p = 0.049). | No significant different in biomarkers. No significant adverse effects were recorded. Significant increased in BUN, slight increased in serum creatine and mild reduction in eGFR were found. *women only |