Chronotype | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Total (n = 952) | Morning (n = 666) | Non-Morning (n = 286) | ||
Age (years, means ± SD) | 10.20 ± 0.40 | 10.21 ± 0.41 | 10.18 ± 0.38 | 0.034 | |
Sex (girls, %) | 48.42 | 50.30 | 44.06 | 0.077 | |
Anthropometric variables: | |||||
Body mass index (kg/m2, means ± SD) Overweight (%) | 17.43 ± 3.31 17.75% | 17.21 ± 3.22 15.17 | 17.94 ± 3.46 23.78 | 0.002 0.001 | |
Parental marital status (married, %) | 90.23 | 90.54 | 89.51 | 0.624 | |
Parental education level on college (%) | 0.678 | ||||
Both had a college degree | 39.39 | 43.84 | 45.10 | ||
Only one of them had a college degree | 16.39 | 15.92 | 17.48 | ||
None of them had a college degree | 44.22 | 40.24 | 37.41 | ||
Meal time (h:min, means ± SD) | |||||
Breakfast time weekdays | 7:01 ± 17 | 6:59 ± 16 | 7: 03 ± 19 | 0.012 | |
Breakfast time weekends | 8:07 ± 39 | 8: 03 ± 39 | 8:18 ± 39 | < 0.0001 | |
Lunch time weekday | 11:35 ± 22 | 11: 34 ± 21 | 11:39 ± 24 | 0.003 | |
Lunch time weekends | 11:40 ± 30 | 11: 44 ± 36 | 11:49 ± 34 | < 0.0001 | |
Dinner time weekday | 17:57 ± 31 | 17:56 ± 30 | 17:59 ± 33 | 0.097 | |
Dinner time weekends | 17:56 ± 33 | 17:54 ± 33 | 18:00 ± 34 | 0.013 | |
Weekdays Eating midpoint | 13:02 ± 35 | 12:58 ± 34 | 13:10 ± 38 | < 0.0001 | |
Weekends Eating midpoint | 7:43 ± 44 | 13:37 ± 45 | 13:56 ± 45 | < 0.0001 | |
Eating jet lag (h, means ± SD) | 0.73 ± 0.47 | 0.69 ± 0.47 | 0.82 ± 0.45 | < 0.0001 | |
Breakfast skipping ( ≦ 6 days/ week, %) | 6.51 | 6.01 | 7.69 | 0.334 | |
Eating behaviors (%) | |||||
Green vegetables intake( ≧ 1 times /week) | 72.90 | 74.17 | 69.93 | 0.177 | |
Fruit intake ( ≧ 1 times/day) | 74.68 | 76.43 | 70.63 | 0.059 | |
Milk intake ( ≧ 1 times/day) | 57.98 | 60.36 | 52.45 | 0.023 | |
Sugary drinks ( ≧ 1 days/week) | 44.43 | 42.19 | 49.65 | 0.034 | |
Fast food ( ≧ 1 days/week) | 30.57 | 27.18 | 38.46 | 0.001 | |
Physical activity (days/week, means ± SD) | |||||
Light physical activity 60 min a day | 2.96 ± 2.17 | 3.12 ± 2.22 | 2.61 ± 2.04 | 0.001 | |
Moderate physical activity 60 min a day | 2.28 ± 1.97 | 2.42 ± 2.04 | 1.96 ± 1.78 | 0.001 | |
Muscle strengthening activity 60 min a day | 2.66 ± 2.31 | 2.84 ± 2.38 | 2.22 ± 2.06 | 0.001 | |
Circadian parameters (h:min, means ± SD) | |||||
Bedtime weekdays | 21:20 ± 33 | 21:16 ± 33 | 21:30 ± 33 | < 0.0001 | |
Wake time weekdays | 6:41 ± 18 | 6:40 ± 18 | 6:44 ± 18 | < 0.0001 | |
Bedtime weekends | 21:40 ± 38 | 21:34 ± 38 | 21:53 ± 34 | < 0.0001 | |
Wake time weekends | 7:43 ± 44 | 7:37 ± 41 | 7:58 ± 46 | < 0.0001 | |
Average sleep duration (h/night, means ± SD) | 9.26 ± 0.53 | 9.32 ± 0.38 | 9.13 ± 0.46 | < 0.0001 | |
Sleep duration in weekdays (h/night, means ± SD) | 9.35 ± 0.55 | 9.40 ± 0.54 | 9.24 ± 0.56 | < 0.0001 | |
Sleep duration in weekends (h/night, means ± SD) | 9.03 ± 0.63 | 9.10 ± 0.62 | 8.86 ± 0.60 | < 0.0001 | |
Social jetlag (h, means ± SD) | 0.40 ± 0.35 | 0.38 ± 0.35 | 0.46 ± 0.34 | < 0.0001 |