Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Author, year | Country | Study type | Research period | Case/participants or controls | Dietary assessment method | Exposure details | Type of liver cancer | Adjusted | NOS | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lam KC et al. [30], 1982 | China | Retrospective | 1977–1980 | 107/107 | Dietary habits questionnaire | Legumes, nuts | HCC | Age, sex | 5 |  |
La Vecchia C et al. [34], 1988 | Italy | Retrospective | NA | 151/1051 | FFQ | Egg, whole grains | HCC | Age, sex | 5 | Â |
Hirayama T [21], 1989 | Japan | Prospective | 1966–1982 | 788/122,261 | NA | Legumes | PLC | NA | 5 |  |
Chen CJ et al. [31], 1991 | China | Retrospective | 1985–1987 | 200/200 | SFFQ | Nuts | HCC | Age, sex, ethnic group and residential area | 6 |  |
Srivatanakul P et al. [31],1991 | Thailand | Retrospective | 1984–1991 | 65/65 | SFFQ | Nuts | HCC | NA | 4 |  |
Fukuda K et al. [23], 1993 | Japan | Retrospective | 1986–1992 | 368/485 | SFFQ | Egg | HCC | Age, sex | 5 |  |
Zhang JY et al. [24],1998 | China | Retrospective | 1994–1995 | 152/115 | SFFQ | Nuts | HCC | Liver disease (individual and family), drinking of alcohol, cigarette smoking, dietary aflatoxin intake, contact a toxic substance, blood transfusion, psychological distress, and infection with HBV and HCV | 6 |  |
Yu SZ et al. [25], 2002 | China | Retrospective | 1995–1997 | 248/248 | SFFQ | Nuts, egg, poultry | HCC | Age, sex and residence | 8 |  |
Sharp GB et al. [26], 2005 | Japan | Prospective | 1964–1988 | 102/237 | FFQ | Legumes | HCC | Sex, city, liver irradiation level, attained age, year of death, HBV and HCV | 6 |  |
Talamini R et al. [34],2006 | Italy | Retrospective | 1999–2002 | 185/412 | FFQ | Egg, refined grains | HCC | Gender, age, centre, education, place of birth, drinking habits, maximal lifetime alcohol intake, hepatitis viruses (HBsAg and anti-HCV), and total energy intake | 7 |  |
Kurahashi N et al. [32],2009 | Japan | Prospective | 1993–2005 | 101/19,998 | FFQ | Legumes | HCC | Age, area, HCV, HBsAg, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and intake of coffee and vegetables, menopausal status in women | 8 |  |
Kanazir M et al. [35],2010 | Serbia | Retrospective | 2004–2007 | 45/90 | FFQ | Legumes, poultry | HCC | Age, sex | 5 |  |
Soliman AS et al. [47],2010 | Egypt | Retrospective | 2007–2009 | 149/150 | SFFQ | Nuts | HCC | Age, sex | 7 |  |
Daniel CR et al. [40],2011 | America | Prospective | 1995–2006 | 582/492,186 | FFQ | Poultry | HCC | Red meat intake, age, sex, education, marital status, family history of cancer, race, BMI, smoking status, frequency of vigorous physical activity, MHT in women, and intake of alcohol, fruit, vegetables, and total energy; mutually adjusted for intake of fish or poultry | 9 |  |
Fedirko V et al. [36], 2013 | EPIC | Prospective | 1992–2010 | 191/4,772,006 | FFQ | Poultry | HCC | Smoking status, sex-specific physical activity level, self-reported diabetes status, lifetime alcohol intake pattern, BMI, baseline intakes of coffee, alcohol, dietary fiber and hepatitis viruses | 9 |  |
Zhang W et al. [27],2013 | China | Prospective | 1997–2011 | 267/132,837 | FFQ | Legumes | PLC | Age, sex, body mass index, total energy intake, family income level, education level, family history of liver cancer, history of diabetes, history of cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy, vitamin C and E and multivitamin supplement use, and mutual adjustment for these dietary patterns | 9 |  |
Stepien M et al. [37], 2016 | Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom | Prospective | 1992–2010 | 191/477,206 | Country-specific dietary questionnaires | Sweetened beverages | HCC | Non-alcoholic energy intake and stratified by age (1-year intervals), sex, study centre, BMI, sex-specific physical activity, education level, alcohol at recruitment and alcohol intake pattern, smoking intensity, duration and history diabetes status | 8 |  |
Rizk M et al. [38],2018 | France | Retrospective | 2008–2012 | 181/401 | Diet history questionnaire | Legumes, nuts, egg, whole grains, refined grains, sweetened beverages | HCC | Age, gender, center, total energy from nonalcoholic sources, cirrhosis diagnosis, child-pugh score, diabetes, etiology of cirrhosis, alcohol consumption and occupational physical activity | 6 |  |
Luo X et al. [44], 2019 | America | Prospective | 1980–2012 | 160/137,608 | FFQ | Sweetened beverages | HCC | Age (in months), study period (two-year interval), gender (women, men), race (White, non-White), physical activity (3, 3-<27, >=27 METS-hours/week), smoking status (never, past, current), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), aspirin use (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/day, continuous), and total calorie intake (kcal/day, tertiles) | 8 |  |
Ma Y et al. [41], 2019 | America | Prospective | 1976–2012 | 163/142,857 | FFQ | Poultry | HCC | Age, sex, race, physical-activity level, body mass index, smoking, type 2 diabetes, regular aspirin use, alcohol intake and total calorie intake | 8 |  |
Sui J et al. [42], 2019 | America | Prospective | 1980–2012 | 162/140,275 | FFQ | Nuts | HCC | Age, gender, race, physical activity, BMI, smoking status, aspirin use, type II diabetes, total alcohol intake, total coffee intake, total calorie intake and hepatitis viruses | 9 |  |
Yang W et al. [43], 2019 | America | Prospective | 1984–2012 | 141/125,455 | FFQ | Whole grains | HCC | Age (in months), race (white vs. nonwhite), physical activity level (metabolic equivalent of task–hours per week; continuous variable), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, continuous variable), smoking (0, 1 to < 10, 10 pack-years), regular aspirin use (yes or no); alcohol intake (< 5, 5 to < 15, 15 g/d), and type 2 diabetes (yes or no) | 8 |  |
Shawon MA et al. [28], 2020 | Bangladesh | Retrospective | 2018–2019 | 80/101 | FFQ | Egg | HCC | Age, sex, income, and sociodemographic status | 4 |  |
Abe SK et al. [29], 2021 | Japan | Prospective | 1995–2013 | 534/75,089 | FFQ | Legumes | HCC | BMI, history of type 2 diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption, coffee intake, and menopausal status in women | 8 |  |
Liu X et al. [45], 2021 | America | Prospective | 1995–2011 | 940/485,717 | FFQ | Whole grains | PLC | Age(continuous), level of education (‘<=11 years’, ‘high school’, ‘vocational technology school’, ‘some college’, ‘college/postgraduate’), race (‘non-Hispanic white’, ‘non-Hispanic black’, ‘Hispanic’, ‘Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaskan native’), BMI (‘<25’, ‘25–30’, ‘30+’ kg/m2), alcohol use (‘non-drinker’, ‘0.1–4.9’, ‘5–9.9’, ‘10+’,gram/day), tobacco smoking (‘never smoked’, ‘former smoker’, ‘current smoker’), physical activity (‘never’, ‘rarely’, ‘1–3 time per month’, ‘1–2 times per week’, ‘3–4 times per week’, ‘5 + times per week’), history of diabetes (‘no’, ‘yes’) and total energy intake (continuous) | 8 |  |
Jones GS et al. [46], 2022 | America | Prospective | NIH-AARP study: 1995–2011; PLOS:1993–2017 | 839/485,717 | Dietary habits questionnaire | Sweetened beverages | PLC | Age at baseline, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, study, total energy intake (kcal/day). | 8 |  |
Guo W et al. [39], 2022 | United Kingdom | Prospective | 2006–2021 | 669/372,492 | FFQ | Poultry | PLC | Age, sex, race, education level, Townsend Deprivation Index (quartiles), drinking status, smoking status, exercise, BMI and diabetes. | 8 |  |