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Table 3 Subgroup analyses for the association between vegetable, fruit, and fruit juice consumption and the risk of GDM

From: Fruit, vegetable, and fruit juice consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Variables/ Subgroup

Fruit

All vegetable

Starchy vegetable

Fruit juice

Number of studies

RR (95% CI)

p

I 2

Number

of studies

RR (95% CI)

p

I 2

Number

of studies

RR (95% CI)

p

I 2

Number of studies

RR (95% CI)

p

I 2

Period of dietary assessment

              

Pre-pregnancy

3

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

0.28

48.3%

2

0.81 (0.50, 1.31)

0.39

62.1%

1

0.46 (0.22, 0.98)

0.04

---

2

0.91 (0.83, 1.01)

0.07

0%

First trimester

2

0.93 (0.80, 1.08)

0.36

29.7%

1

0.88 (0.78, 1.00)

0.04

---

1

1.03 (0.94, 1.12)

0.51

---

---

---

---

---

Second trimester

3

0.85 (0.65, 1.11)

0.24

61.5%

1

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

1.00

---

1

1.15 (0.94, 1.14)

0.18

---

2

1.00 (0.91, 1.11)

0.93

30.0%

Location

                

Asia

5

0.87 (0.71, 1.06)

0.15

59.3%

1

0.57 (0.31, 1.06)

0.07

---

2

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.25

0%

2

1.00 (0.91, 1.11)

0.93

30.0%

Non-Asia

3

0.94 (0.90, 0.99)

0.00

0%

2

0.96 (0.90, 1.04)

0.32

56.4%

1

0.46 (0.22, 0.98)

0.04

---

2

0.91(0.83, 1.01)

0.07

29.8%

Participants

                

≥ 2000

4

0.92 (0.85, 1.00)

0.05

46.3%

1

0.96 (0.86, 1.07)

0.46

---

1

1.15 (0.94, 1.41)

0.18

---

3

0.97 (0.85, 1.12)

0.71

47.5%

< 2000

4

0.91 (0.74, 1.11)

0.34

41.5%

3

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

0.29

72.3%

2

0.75 (0.35, 1.63)

0.47

77.0%

1

0.98 (0.94, 1.03)

0.39

0%

Cases

                

≥ 500

2

0.98 (0.84, 1.14)

0.79

0%

1

0.57 (0.31, 1.06)

0.08

---

1

1.03 (0.94, 1.12)

0.51

---

1

1.00 (0.81, 1.23)

1.00

0%

< 500

6

0.90 (0.82, 0.99)

0.02

50.9%

3

0.96 (0.90, 1.04)

0.32

56.4%

2

0.78 (0.32. 1.90)

0.59

81.2%

3

0.97 (0.88, 1.06)

0.47

52.4%

Pre-BMI

                

< 25

5

0.94 (0.86, 1.01)

0.10

36.8%

3

0.96 (0.86, 1.07)

0.46

---

2

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.25

0%

3

0.97 (0.88, 1.06)

0.47

52.4%

≥ 25

2

0.69 (0.36, 1.32)

0.26

66.8%

1

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

0.29

72.3%

1

0.46 (0.22, 0.98)

0.04

---

---

---

--

---

Parity-adjusted

               

Yes

7

0.92 (0.85, 0.99)

0.02

44.5%

3

0.96 (0.90, 1.04)

0.32

56.4%

3

1.01 (0.82, 1.26)

0.90

63.7%

4

0.97 (0.91, 1.04)

0.37

29.8%

No

1

1.08 (0.50, 2.34)

0.84

0%

1

0.57 (0.31, 1.06)

0.08

---

---

---

---

---

0

---

---

---

Family history of diabetes-adjusted

              

Yes

5

0.92 (0.81, 1.04)

0.17

35.5%

1

0.57 (0.31, 1.06)

0.08

---

3

1.01 (0.82, 1.26)

0.90

63.7%

2

1.06 (0.91, 1.23)

0.46

0%

No

3

0.90 (0.78, 1.04)

0.14

57.5%

3

0.96 (0.90, 1.04)

0.32

56.4%

---

---

---

---

2

0.95 (0.87, 1.04)

0.23

59.1%

Physical activity-adjusted

              

Yes

5

0.94 (0.87, 1.01)

0.07

35.9%

1

0.96 (0.86, 1.07)

0.46

---

2

1.05 (0.97, 1.14)

0.25

0%

3

0.97 (0.85, 1.12)

0.71

47.5%

No

3

0.80 (0.55, 1.18)

0.27

49.2%

3

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

0.29

72.3%

1

0.46 (0.22, 0.98)

0.04

---

1

0.98 (0.91, 1.04)

0.39

0%

Smoking-adjusted

               

Yes

5

0.92 (0.83, 1.03)

0.16

36.9%

1

0.96 (0.86, 1.07)

0.46

---

1

1.03 (0.94, 1.12)

0.51

---

2

0.91 (0.83, 1.01)

0.07

0.0%

No

3

0.89 (0.76,1.04)

0.15

53.1%

3

0.92 (0.80, 1.07)

0.29

72.3%

2

0.78 (0.32, 1.90)

0.59

81.2%

2

1.00 (0.91, 1.11)

0.93

30.0%

Alcohol-adjusted

               

Yes

4

0.89 (0.73,1.09)

0.27

48.8%

0

---

---

---

1

1.03 (0.94, 1.12)

0.51

---

1

1.00 (0.81, 1.23)

1.00

0%

No

4

0.93 (0.87,1.00)

0.05

36.7%

4

0.95 (0.87, 1.03)

0.24

61.3%

2

0.78 (0.32, 1.90)

0.59

81.2%

3

0.97 (0.88, 1.06)

0.47

52.5%

  1. All vegetables: including starchy vegetables and other vegetables
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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