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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MetS and its associated components according to types of main meal skipped

From: Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

 

Main meal frequency (meals/day)

3

2

1

Breakfast, lunch, and dinner

Lunch and dinner

Breakfast and dinner

Breakfast and lunch

Breakfast

Lunch

Dinner

Men

       

 Cases(n)/Total(n)

2,363/6,502

660/2,128

220/568

85/211

4/11

41/114

27/141

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

 MetS

1.00

1.22 (1.04–1.43)1)

0.98 (0.77–1.25)

1.09 (0.73–1.63)

4.61 (0.96–22.06)

1.33 (0.72–2.46)

0.82 (0.47–1.44)

 Abdominal obesity

1.00

1.28 (1.05–1.56)

1.11 (0.81–1.53)

0.85 (0.49–1.47)

0.72 (0.13–3.90)

1.48 (0.78–2.79)

1.32 (0.60–2.89)

 Elevated fasting blood glucose

1.00

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

0.91 (0.73–1.13)

0.92 (0.65–1.29)

4.74 (1.39–16.13)

0.69 (0.40–1.20)

1.54 (1.00–2.37)

 Elevated blood pressure

1.00

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

1.16 (0.92–1.45)

1.04 (0.74–1.48)

1.39 (0.36–5.29)

0.84 (0.53–1.34)

1.10 (0.70–1.73)

 Elevated triglyceride

1.00

1.20 (1.05–1.36)

0.99 (0.81–1.22)

1.25 (0.89–1.76)

2.37 (0.73–7.68)

1.29 (0.81–2.04)

0.90 (0.57–1.43)

 Reduced HDL-cholesterol

1.00

1.01 (0.87–1.18)

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

0.81 (0.55–1.21)

0.63 (0.13–3.00)

1.02 (0.61–1.72)

0.98 (0.57–1.67)

Women

       

 Cases(n)/Total(n)

2,941/8,681

520/2,441

313/930

190/608

12/34

29/188

22/142

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

 MetS

1.00

1.13 (0.95–1.35)

0.87 (0.69–1.09)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0.44 (0.18–1.07)

0.69 (0.40–1.20)

1.08 (0.59–1.99)

 Abdominal obesity

1.00

0.99 (0.81–1.21)

0.77 (0.58–1.01)

0.91 (0.66–1.25)

0.34 (0.06–2.05)

0.63 (0.34–1.15)

0.87 (0.45–1.67)

 Elevated fasting blood glucose

1.00

1.18 (1.02–1.35)

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

0.74 (0.58–0.94)

1.10 (0.37–3.22)

1.02 (0.66–1.57)

0.92 (0.55–1.52)

 Elevated blood pressure

1.00

1.08 (0.92–1.26)

1.14 (0.92–1.43)

0.87 (0.67–1.12)

1.37 (0.51–3.72)

0.89 (0.53–1.49)

0.65 (0.35–1.23)

 Elevated triglyceride

1.00

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

1.08 (0.86–1.34)

1.01 (0.79–1.30)

0.50 (0.20–1.26)

0.95 (0.59–1.52)

1.49 (0.90–2.47)

 Reduced HDL-cholesterol

1.00

1.14 (1.00–1.29)

0.85 (0.71–1.02)

0.90 (0.72–1.12)

0.45 (0.18–1.13)

0.87 (0.59–1.29)

1.11 (0.70–1.76)

  1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
  2. 1) Models were adjusted for age (years, continuous), educational level (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college), household income level (lower middle, middle, upper middle, or highest), occupation (yes or no), marriage (married or single), household type (single-person or multi-person), region (urban or rural) alcohol consumption (none, moderate, or high), smoking status (never, past, or current), regular physical activity (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), and body mass index (kg/m2, continuous)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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