Geographic and urban–rural disparities in dietary energy and macronutrient composition among women of childbearing age: findings from the China health and nutrition survey,1991–2015

Table 4 Trends of the Urban-Rural Disparities in the Energy and Macronutrient Composition by region and district from CHNS Round,1991–2015¹⁻⁵

	1991		2004		2015		p-trend
	Urban- rural	P-value	Urban- rural	P-value	Urban- rural	P-value	p-trend
Eastern
Energy(kcal/d)	-277.0(4.6)	0.000	-61.6(2.6)	0.000	-18.3(1.6)	0.227	0.000
Fat(g/d)	15.7(3.0)	0.000	8.8(0.6)	0.008	3.2(0.3)	0.162	0.000
Protein(g/d)	-3.8(0.6)	0.000	3.2(0.6)	0.000	4.7(0.5)	0.001	0.000
Carbohydrate(g/d)	-100.3(5.6)	0.000	-42.2(0.4)	0.000	-17.3(1.4)	0.002	0.000
Fat(%E)	5.0(0.6)	0.000	4.7(0.3)	0.000	1.3(0.6)	0.039	0.000
Carbohydrate(%E)	-6.1(0.7)	0.000	-6.5(0.1)	0.000	-2.7(0.6)	0.000	0.000
Central
Energy(kcal/d)	-480.8(1.7)	0.000	-44.2(1.1)	0.000	-20.5(0.5)	0.707	0.000
Fat(g/d)	14.5(0.8)	0.000	16.0(1.3)	0.000	16.4(0.1)	0.000	0.000
Protein(g/d)	-8.9(0.9)	0.000	3.1(0.2)	0.038	3.8(0.1)	0.136	0.000
Carbohydrate(g/d)	-144.4(1.7)	0.000	-58.0(0.8)	0.000	-44.5(0.4)	0.000	0.000
Fat(%E)	5.1(0.76)	0.000	5.8(0.2)	0.000	6.8(0.3)	0.000	0.000
Carbohydrate(%E)	-5.6(0.8)	0.000	-10.8(0.4)	0.000	-7.4(0.7)	0.000	0.000
Western
Energy(kcal/d)	-393.7(2.9)	0.000	-159.2(1.0)	0.009	-41.0(0.8)	0.396	0.000
Fat(g/d)	4.0(0.6)	0.000	5.4(0.4)	0.001	6.3(0.5)	0.028	0.000
Protein(g/d)	-3.7(0.7)	0.036	3.7(0.1)	0.000	4.2(0.1)	0.019	0.000
Carbohydrate(g/d)	-119.9(1.8)	0.000	-71.1(0.7)	0.000	-29.2(0.2)	0.000	0.000
Fat(%E)	6.2(0.6)	0.000	6.7(0.9)	0.000	6.9(0.1)	0.002	0.000
Carbohydrate(%E)	-7.5(0.7)	0.000	-5.4(1.0)	0.000	-4.2(0.2)	0.000	0.000

¹ Mean percentage and standard error (SE)in parentheses,²%E, percentage of dietary energy intake, ³ Values adjusted for, marital status, education, income, BMI, PA, smoking, drinking, ⁴ Significant trends in each sub-group across all survey years.⁵ Negative number means urban is smaller than rural

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