Table 4 Comparison of Lower (< 400 mg/day) and High (≥400 mg/day) Caffeine Consumers

Gender

Men

17.1 ± 0.3

20,040

1.00

18,537

1.00

Women

8.7 ± 0.5

3135

0.46 (0.41–0.53)

2906

0.68 (0,.59–0.78)

Age

18–24 years

12.6 ± 0.6

3615

1.00

3341

1.00

25–29 years

13.6 ± 0.5

4746

1.09 (0.96–1.24)

4435

1.12 (0.95–1.30)

30–39 years

17.3 ± 0.4

9875

1.45 (1.30–1.62)

9189

1.46 (1.25–1.70)

≥40 years

18.0 ± 0.6

4821

1.53 (1.35–1.73)

4478

1.54 (1.25–1.85)

Formal Education

Some HS/HS grad

17.8 ± 0.7

3099

1.00

2831

1.00

Some college

16.2 ± 0.4

9836

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

9109

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

College degree

15.1 ± 0.4

10,234

0.82 (0.74–0.91)

9503

0.82 (0.70–0.96)

Race / Ethnicity

White

18.1 ± 0.3

14,827

1.00

13,751

1.00

Hispanic

13.9 ± 0.6

3530

0.73 (0.66–0.81)

3280

0.75 (0.66–0.84)

Back

7.2 ± 0.6

2.140

0.35 (0.30–0.42)

1947

0.36 (0.30–0.44)

Other

13.6 ± 0.7

2678

0.71 (0.63–0.80)

2465

0.73 (0.64–0.83)

Body mass index

< 25.0 kg/m²

12.0 ± 0.4

6629

1.00

6282

1.00

25.0–29.9 kg/m²

16.8 ± 0.3

12,163

1.48 (1.36–1.62)

11,462

1.28 (1.16–1.40)

≥30.0 kg/m²

19.3 ± 0.6

3956

1.76 (1.58–1.96)

3699

1.48 (1.32–1.67)

Aerobic exercise duration

< 90 min/wk

15.1 ± 0.5

6120

1.00

5555

1.00

90–180 min/wk

15.4 ± 0.5

6560

1.02 (0.92–1.12)

6100

1.03 (0.93–1.15)

181–300 min/wk

16.6 ± 0.5

5218

1.12 (1.01–1.23)

4879

1.14 (1.02–1.28)

> 300 min/wk.

16.9 ± 0.5

5277

1.14 (1.03–1.26)

4909

1.24 (1.11–1.40)

Resistance training duration

≤45 min/wk

17.1 ± 0.5

6650

1.00

5965

1.00

46–135 min/wk

15.5 ± 0.5

5636

0.89 (0.81–0.98)

5257

0.90 (0.81–1.00)

136–300 min/wk

15.3 ± 0.5

5859

0.87 (0.79–0.96)

5477

0.83 (0.75–0.93)

≥301 min/wk

15.5 ± 0.5

5030

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

4744

0.80 (0.71–0.90)

Smoking

Never

12.2 ± 0.3

14,177

1.00

13,359

1.00

Former user

20.5 ± 0.6

4475

1.86 (1.70–2.03)

4117

1.42 (1.28–1.58)

Current user

23.5 ± 0.7

4222

2.21 (2.03–2.41)

3967

1.79 (1.62–1.97)

Smokeless tobacco use

Never

13.7 ± 0.3

17,597

1.00

16,767

1.00

Former user

23.2 ± 1.0

1959

1.90 (1.70–2.13)

1861

1.25 (1.10–1.42)

Current user

23.7 ± 0.8

2938

1.95 (1.78–2.15)

2815

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

Alcohol intake

0 ml/wk

14.3 ± 0.5

6175

1.00

5533

1.00

0.23–24.85 ml/wk.

11.8 ± 0.4

5486

0.80 (0.72–0.89)

5099

0.79 (0.70–0.89)

24.86–71.69 ml/wk.

14.3 ± 0.5

5696

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

5353

0.87 (0.78–0.97)

≥71.70 ml/wk

23.3 ± 0.6

5817

1.83 (1.66–2.01)

5458

1.42 (1.28–1.58)

Sleep

≥7 h/night

12.7 ± 0.4

8530

1.00

5–6 h/night

19.3 ± 0.4

9110

1.65 (1.52–1.79)

a

a

< 4 h/night

25.1 ± 1.4

918

2.30 (1.95–2.70)

Rank

Junior enlisted, E1–E4

12.0 ± 0.8

1869

1.00

1735

1.00

Mid enlisted, E4–E6

15.8 ± 0.4

9891

1.37 (1.18–1.60)

9129

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

Senior enlisted, E7–E9

19.3 ± 0..6

3971

1.76 (1,50–2.07)

3653

1.05 (0.85–1.30)

Warrant officer, WO1-O5

17.1 ± 1.6

537

1.52 (1.17–1.98)

501

0.84 (0.61–1.16)

Junior officer, O1–O3

14.1 ± 0.6

3436

1.20 (1.01–1.42)

3266

0.91 (0.72–1.15)

Senior officer, O4–O7

16.3 ± 0.6

3471

1.43 (1.21–1.69)

3159

0.94 (0.73–1.20)

Occupation assignment group

Combat arms

18.5 ± 0.5

5742

1.00

5460

1.00

Combat support

15.3 ± 0.4

8992

0.79 (0.73–0.87)

8567

0.91 (0.83–1.00)

Combat service support

14.9 ± 0.4

7881

0.77 (0.70–0.84)

7416

0.93 (0.84–1.02)

Service branch

Air Force

12.0 ± 0.4

8443

1.00

7777

1.00

Army

17.0 ± 0.5

6907

1.50 (1.37–1.64)

6494

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

Marine Corps

19.9 ± 0.8

2707

1.82 (1.62–2.04)

2534

1.58 (1.38–1.79)

Navy

18.9 ± 0.6

5118

1.71 (1.56–1.88)

4638

1.52 (1.37–1.69)