Table 3 Characteristics associated with prevalence (≥1 time/week) of specific caffeine products among military personnel.a Multivariable logistic regression, data are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals in parenthesis
Variable | Strata | Caffeine Products Consumed ≥ 1 Time/Week [Odds ratio (95%confidence interval)] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Caffeine Product (Model 1) | Coffee (Model 2) | Tea (Model 3) | Soda (Model 4) | Energy Drink (Model 5) | Gum or Medication (Model 6) | ||
Gender | Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women | 1.52 (1.34–1.72) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | 2.14 (1.97–2.32) | 0.71 (0.66–0.77) | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 2.10 (1.78–2.49) | |
Age | 18–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25–29 years | 1.25 (1.10–1.44) | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.99 (0.77–1.26) | |
30–39 years | 1.69 (1.46–1.95) | 1.59 (1.43–1.76) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.34 (1.05–1.70) | |
≥40 years | 1.95 (1.61–2.38) | 1.79 (1.56–2.05) | 1.36 (1.19–1.55) | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) | 1.54 (1.15–2.05) | |
Formal Education | Some HS/HS grad | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some college | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.27 (1.16–1.40) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | |
College degree | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 1.38 (1.22–1.56) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | 0.75 (0.67–0.85) | 0.80 (0.62–1.04) | |
Race / Ethnicity | White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hispanic | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.86 (0.79–0.92) | 0.80 (0.74–0.87) | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) | |
Back | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | 0.36 (0.33–0.40) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.71 (0.64–0.77) | 0.47 (0.42–0.53) | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | |
Other | 0.65 (0.58–0.74) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 1.35 (1.23–1.47) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.78 (0.72–0.87) | 0.74 (0.59–0.91) | |
Body mass index | < 25.0 kg/m2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) | 1.29 (1.20–1.38) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) | |
≥30.0 kg/m2 | 1.46 (1.27–1.67) | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.43 (1.32–1.56) | 1.58 (1.44–1.73) | 1.61 (1.33–1.95) | |
Aerobic exercise duration | < 90 min/wk | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
90–180 min/wk | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | |
181–300 min/wk | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) | |
> 300 min/wk. | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) | |
Resistance training duration | ≤45 min/wk | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
46–135 min/wk | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | |
136–300 min/wk | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.22 (1.12–1.32) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.63 (0.59–0.68) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 0.97 (0.81–1.15) | |
≥301 min/wk | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.74 (0.68–0.81) | 0.49 (0.45–0.53) | 1.30 (1.19–1.43) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | |
Smoking | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Former user | 1.77 (1.54–2.05) | 1.74 (1.59–1.90) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | 1.17 (0.98–1.38) | |
Current user | 2.00 (1.73–2.31) | 1.68 (1.53–1.83) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.45 (1.34–1.56) | 1.57 (1.45–1.70) | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | |
Smokeless tobacco use | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Former user | 1.88 (1.48–2.39) | 1.57 (1.37–1.79) | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 1.04 (0.82–1.32) | |
Current user | 1.58 (1.32–1.88) | 1.44 (1.30–1.60) | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 1.52 (1.40–1.66) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | |
Alcohol intake | 0 ml/wk | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
0.23–24.85 ml/wk. | 2.16 (1.94–2.40) | 1.85 (1.71–1.99) | 1.38 (1.27–1.49) | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | |
24.86–71.69 ml/wk. | 3.39 (3.00–3.84) | 2.36 (2.18–2.56) | 1.51 (1.39–1.64) | 1.39 (1.29–1.49) | 1.39 (1.28–1.51) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | |
≥71.70 ml/wk | 5.15 (4.44–5.98) | 3.10 (2.84–3.38) | 1.68 (1.54–1.82) | 1.50 (1.39–1.62) | 1.76 (1.62–1.92) | 1.36 (1.14–1.63) | |
Rank | Junior enlisted, E1–E4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Mid enlisted, E4–E6 | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | |
Senior enlisted, E7–E9 | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) | 1.26 (1.08–1.46) | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 0.99 (0.70–1.38) | |
Warrant officer, WO1-O5 | 1.86 (1.23–2.79) | 1.62 (1.25–2.10) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 0.93 (0.56–1.56) | |
Junior officer, O1–O3 | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 0.56 (0.48–0.66) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | |
Senior officer, O4–O7 | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.41 (0.34–0.49) | 0.78 (0.53–1.15) | |
Occupation assignment group | Combat arms | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Combat support | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | |
Combat service support | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | |
Service branch | Air Force | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Army | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) | |
Marine Corps | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 1.26 (1.15–1.39) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | |
Navy | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | |