Fig. 3
![Fig. 3](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12937-022-00771-3/MediaObjects/12937_2022_771_Fig3_HTML.png)
Clustered HDI trends for 152 countries from 1990 to 2017 (a). We grouped 23, 77, and 52 countries into each of the low-, moderate- and high-HDI cluster, respectively. Median HDI of each cluster from 1990 to 2017 was plotted. Sex-specific age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2017 with HDI clusters(b). 152 countries were included with 23, 77, and 52 countries into each of the low-, moderate- and high-HDI cluster, respectively. Median age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2017 of each cluster were plotted