Table 5 Contribution of food items (at least 10%) to nutrient intakes of 6–23 month old children in lent fasting and non-fasting periods in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Nutrient | Food groups | Lent Fasting Period (n = 570) | Non-Fasting Period (n = 551) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–8 months | 9–11 months | 12–23 months | 6–8 months | 9–11 months | 12–23 months | ||
Energy, Kcal Energy, Kcal | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge & injera) (15%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (25.3%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (28.3%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (30.3%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (35.9%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (33.6%) |
Tef: mixed, whit & red, (gruel & porridge) (29%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (15.7%) | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%) enjera (11.3%) | Wheat: mixed Bread, enjera & Porridge (10.4%) | – | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (10.7%) | ||
|  | – | – | Com (maize): white & yellow (porridge, bread, gruel & enjera) (11.9%) | – | Com (maize): yellow & white (gruel, bread, enjera & Porridge) (10.3%) | – | |
Eggs | – | – | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (10.3%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (10.9%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (13.7%) | |
Protein, g | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge & injera) (17.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (20.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (22.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (20%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (25.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (23.6%) |
Tef: mixed, white, red, (gruel & porridge) (23.2%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (18.4%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (10.1%) | – | – | – | ||
|  | – | – | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%) enjera (14.2%) | – | – | – | |
|  | – | – | Com (maize). Zea mays L.: white & yellow (porridge, bread, gruel & enjera) (10.5%) | – | – | – | |
Eggs | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (12.7%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (10.7%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (22%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (29.3%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (25.2%) | |
Calcium, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge & injera) (11.1%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (14.6%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (13%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (12.8%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (19.8%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (17.3%) |
Tef: mixed, white, red, (gruel & porridge) (33.4%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (21.2%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (11.7%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (12.4%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (12.6%) | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%) enjera (17.5%) | ||
– | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%): (enjera) (12%) | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%) (22.8%) | – | Sorghum (60%) + tef (40%): (enjera) (10%) | – | ||
Legumes & nuts | – | Sesame and Linseed: (roasted & dried) (10.2%) | Sesame and Linseed: (roasted & dried) (14.5%) | – | – | – | |
Eggs | – | – | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (18%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (18.8%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (19.2%) | |
Dairy products | Milk (boiled) (27.4%) | Milk (boiled & Whey) (16%) | Milk (boiled & Whey) (10.6%) | Milk (boiled) (26.1%) | Milk (boiled & Whey) (14.9%) | Milk (boiled & Whey) (11%) | |
Iron, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge & injera) (10%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (16.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (19.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (18.9%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (21.2%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (22.5%) |
Tef: mixed, white, red, (gruel & porridge) (74.5%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (43.7%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (28.6%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (29.3%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (24.6%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (15.4%) | ||
– | Sorghum (75%) + maize (25%): (enjera) (12.9%) | – | Sorghum (50%) + maize (50%) (enjera & bread) (15.2%) | Sorghum (75%) + maize (25%): (enjera & unleavened bread) (23.8%) | Sorghum (50%) + maize (50%) (enjera & bread) (18.4%) | ||
Eggs | – | – | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (10.6%) | – | – | |
Zinc, mg | Cereals | – | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (18.1%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (21.4%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (19.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (25.1%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (26.1%) |
Tef: mixed, white, red, (gruel & porridge) (63.1%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (30.9%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (19.1%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (20.8%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (19.3%) | – | ||
– | Com (maize): white & yellow (porridge, bread, gruel & enjera) (12.2%) | Com (maize): white & yellow (porridge, bread, gruel & enjera) (12.8%) | – | Com (maize): yellow & white (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (11.4%) | – | ||
Eggs | – | – | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (19.4%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (17.1%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (16.1%) | |
Vitamin A, μg | Eggs | Egg (Boiled & fried) (26.7%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (65.57%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (80.5%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (64.9%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (96%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (92.1%) |
Fruits | Mango: fresh (31.9%) | – | – | Mango: fresh (10.5%) | – | – | |
Thiamin, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red & White (porridge, injera & bread) (41.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (32.3%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (37.8%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (44.2) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (46.2%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (38.8%) |
Tef: white & mixed (porridge) (25%) | – | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (17.7%) | – | – | Wheat (50%) + maize (50%): (thick enjera, unleavened bread) (10.3%) | ||
Wheat: mixed & white (bread & (porridge) (16.7%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (14.5%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (16.4%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) 23.3%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread & Porridge) (9.9%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (10.3%) | ||
– | Com (maize): white & yellow (porridge, bread, gruel & enjera) (16.1%) | Com (maize): white & yellow (porridge, bread & enjera) (11.6%) | – | – | – | ||
Eggs | – | – | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (16.3%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (25.3%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (21.1%) | |
Riboflavin, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed. (porridge & injera) (25%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (31.6%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (31.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (41.7%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (51.1%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (36.7%) |
– | Tef: mixed, white & red, (bread, enjera & porridge) (29%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (bread, enjera & porridge) (20%) | – | – | Tef: mixed, white & red, (bread, enjera & porridge) (10.9%) | ||
– | – | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (15.8%) | – | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (16.9%) | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (15%) | ||
Eggs | Egg (fried) (12.5%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (16.7%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (10.5%) | Egg (Boiled & fried) (22.2%) | – | Egg (Boiled & fried) (15.7%) | |
Dairy products | Milk (boiled) (50%) | – | – | Milk (boiled) (33.3%) | – | – | |
Niacin, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red & White (porridge, injera & bread) (28.6%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (52.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (48.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (43.4) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (58.6%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (58.4%) |
Tef: mixed, white & red (gruel & porridge) (47.2%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (19.8%) | Tef: mixed, white & red, (gruel, bread, enjera & porridge) (12.6%) | Tef: mixed & red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (15%) | Tef: mixed, white& red, (gruel, enjera & porridge) (12.5%) | – | ||
– | – | Wheat: mixed (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (11.2%) | Wheat: (mixed & red) (Bread, enjera & Porridge) (12.6%) | – | – | ||
Vitamin C, mg | Cereals | Sorghum: mixed, red & White (porridge, injera & bread) (52%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (64.6%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (65.4%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (53.1%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (74.5%) | Sorghum: mixed, red and white, (porridge, bread & enjera) (73.3%) |
Tef: mixed, white & red (gruel) (11.3%) | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Fruits | Mango fresh (30.7%) | – | – | Mango fresh (22.3%) | – | – | |