Table 1 Study characteristics
Study | Year | Country | Population | sex | Follow-up (month) | Intervention mean age (year ±sd) | Placebo mean age (year) | Intervention type | Intervention (n) | Placebo (n) | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agustina [26] | 2012 | Indonesia | Healthy children | Both | 6 | 60.3 ± 13.7 | 58.9 ±14.2 | Milk with 5.108 CFU/day of Lactobacillus casei CRL431 | 120 | 126 | Respiratory tract infections |
Milk with 5.108 CFU/day of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 | 124 | ||||||||||
2010 | Croatia | Healthy children | Both | 3 | 4.32±1.52 | 4.46±1.45 | Fermented milk with Lactobacillus GG at a dose of109 CFU/ 100 ml of milk | 139 | 142 | Upper respiratory tract infections Lower respiratory tract infections Acute otitis media Pharyngitis Rhinitis Pneumonia | |
Hatakka [31] | 2001 | Finland | Healthy children | Both | 7 | 4.6 ±1.5 | 4.4 ±1.5 | Milk with 510 x 10^5 CFU/ml of strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 282 | 289 | Acute otitis media Sinusitis Acute bronchitis Pneumonia |
2010 | Croatia | hospitalized children | Both | NR | 9.9±5.1 | 10.6± 5.0 | Fermented milk with Lactobacillus GG at a dose of109 CFU/ 100 ml of milk | 376 | 366 | Respiratory tract infections | |
Guo [30] | 2018 | China | Elderly patients with a single rib fracture | Both | 1 | 57.2 ± 9.7 | 55.4 ± 7.8 | Milk containing at least 6 × 109 CFU Lactobacillus casei Shirota | 102 | 102 | Pneumonia |
Guillemard [46] | 2010 | France | Free-living elderly volunteers | Both | 3 | 76·0 ±5.92 | 76·0 ±5.18 | Fermented dairy drink containing at least 1010 CFU/100 g of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 | 537 | 535 | Upper respiratory tract infections Lower respiratory tract infections |
Guillemard [29] | 2010 | Germany | Healthy Shift Workers | Both | 3 | 31.8 ±8.9 | 32.5 ±8.9 | Fermented dairy drink containing at least 1010 CFU/100 g of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 | 500 | 500 | Upper respiratory tract infections Lower respiratory tract infections |
Jespersen [34] | 2015 | Denmark | Healthy adult volunteers | Both | 1.4 | 31.3 ± 10.57 | 31.6 ± 10.65 | Milk drink containing 109 CFU of L. casei 431 | 553 | 551 | Common cold Influenza |
Kumpu [36] | 2012 | Finland | Healthy children | Both | 7 | 4.0 ±1.3 | 4.0 ±1.4 | Milk with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ranged from 6.7 ×105 to 1.9× 106 CFU/ml | 251 | 250 | Respiratory tract infections |
Corsello [27] | 2017 | Italy | Healthy children | Both | 3 | 32.5 ± 9.7 | 33.7 ± 8.6 | Milk Fermented containing 5.9 ×109 Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 | 73 | 73 | Upper respiratory tract infections |
Kinoshita [35] | 2019 | Japan | Women healthcare workers | Female | 4 | 39.3 ±11.5 | 39.4 ±11.4 | Yogurt drink fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 at a dose of 1.12× 109 CFU | 479 | 482 | Influenza |
Makino [38] | 2010 | Japan | Healthy elderly individuals | Both | 3 | 66.7 ± 6.25 | 39.4 ±11.4 | yoghurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059 at a dose of 2·0–3·5 × 108 and 6·3–8·8 × 108 CFU/g, respectively | 44 | 43 | Common cold |
2 | 74.5 ± 2.75 | 39.4 ±11.4 | yoghurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059 at a dose of 2·0–3·5 × 108 and 6·3–8·8 × 108 CFU/g, respectively | 30 | 30 | Common cold | |||||
Prodeus [40] | 2016 | Russia | Healthy children | Both | 3 | 4 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | Fermented milk product containing L casei CNCM I-1518 at a dose of 1010 CFU/100 g | 300 | 299 | Upper respiratory tract infections Lower respiratory tract infections Rhinopharyngitis |
Pu [41] | 2017 | China | Healthy elderly | Both | 3 | 57.39±8.47 | 59.54±8.08 | Yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 at a dose of 3.6×107 CFU/mL | 115 | 118 | Upper respiratory tract infections |
Mai [37] | 2020 | Vietnam | Healthy children | Both | 3 | 4.3±0.83 | 4.5±0.71 | Fermented milk containing 108 CFU/mL of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota | 510 | 493 | Respiratory tract infections |
Meng [39] | 2016 | USA | Healthy adults | Both | 1 | 28.0 ± 1.2 | 4.5±0.71 | Fermented yogurt with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 at a dose of 10 ± 0.5 CFUs/day | 26 | 26 | cold/flu infection |
Merenstein [14] | 2010 | USA | Healthy children | Both | 3 | 4.86 ±1.12 | 4.94 ±1.13 | Fermented probiotic dairy drink containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. Paracasei at a dose of 1 ×108 CFU/g | 314 | 324 | Upper respiratory tract infections Lower respiratory tract infections |
Sazawal [43] | 2010 | India | Healthy children | Both | 12 | 1.85 ± 0.53 | 1.90 ± 0.56 | Milk fortified with 2.4 g/day of prebiotic oligosaccharide and 1.9 ×107 CFU /day of probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 | 312 | 312 | Pneumonia Lower respiratory tract infections |
Rongrungruang [42] | 2015 | Thailand | Adult hospitalized patients in medical wards | Both | 3 | 73.09±13.16 | 68.95±18.45 | Fermented dairy product containing 8x109 CFU Lactobacillus casei (Shirota strain) | 75 | 75 | Pneumonia |
Shida [44] | 2017 | Japan | Healthy middle‑aged office workers | Male | 3 | 40.6 ±5.3 | 40.5 ±5.9 | Fermented milk with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota at a dose of 1.0 × 1011 CFU | 49 | 47 | Upper respiratory tract infections Common cold Influenza |
Fujita [28] | 2013 | Japan | Elderly persons | Both | 5 | 83.2 ± 9.1 | 83.5 ± 8.9 | Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota at a dose of 4 × 1010 CFU | 76 | 78 | Upper respiratory tract infections |
Puyenbroeck [45] | 2012 | Belgium | Elderly persons | Both | 5.8 | 83.95 ± 9.24 | 84.17 ± 11.5 | Fermented milk that contained 6.5 × 109 live Lactobacillus casei Shirota | 375 | 362 | Respiratory tract infections |