Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutrition Journal

Table 4 Sub-group analysis of associations between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone mineral density in different age groups, sex, skeletal site, SSBs type, and SSBs intake questionnaire^a

	No. of studies	No. of participants	ES	95% CI	I² (%)	p-value
*Age*
< 30 years	7	3122	-0.57	− 0.97 to − 0.17^b	91	p < 0.01
30–50 years	2	164	− 1.33	− 1.72 to − 0.93^b	0	-^c
> 50 years	1	1000	− 0.13	− 0.38 to 0.13	-^c	p = 0.40
*Sex*
Male	3	1382	−1.20	−2.75 to 0.36	96	p < 0.01
Female	7	2930	− 0.50	−0.87 to − 0.13^b	88	p < 0.01
*Skeletal site*
Distal radius (g/cm²)	1	1000	0.06	−0.19 to 0.32	-^c	-^c
Femoral neck	2	2499	0.06	−0.11 to 0.24	53	p = 0.14
Heel (g/cm²)	3	463	−0.38	−1.78 to 0.01	65	p = 0.06
Lumbar spine (g/cm²)	3	3499	0.00	−0.19 to 0.20	68	p = 0.04
Mid-shaft radius (g/cm²)	1	1000	0.00	−0.26 to 0.26	-^c	-^c
Total hip (g/cm²)	1	1000	−0.19	−0.45 to 0.06	-^c	-^c
Whole body (g/cm²)	6	2849	−0.97	−1.54 to − 0.40^b	94	p < 0.01
Whole femur (g/cm²)	2	2499	0.03	−0.09 to 0.15	0	p = 0.40
*SSBs types*
Carbonated beverages	9	4179	−0.73	−1.12 to − 0.35	92	p < 0.01
Coffee with sugar	1	133	−0.11	−0.50 to 0.27	-^c	-^c
*Assessment method of SSBs*
Questionnaire developed by author	6	1579	−1.05	−1.68 to − 0.42	92	p < 0.01
24 h-dietary recall	3	2632	0.03	−0.08 to 0.15	0	p = 0.45
Modified FFQ	1	101	−0.96	−1.56 to − 0.37	-^c	-^c

^a95% CI 95% confidence interval, ES effect size; I², FFQ food-frequency questionnaires; I-square (%), p p-value, SSBs sugar-sweetened beverage. ES of 0.30 or less is regarded as small, 0.40 to 0.70 as medium, and 0.80 or above as large [24]. bEffect size is significant with 95% CI. ^cNot applicable

ISSN: 1475-2891