From: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First author years (Ref) location | Study design | Sample size | Age or age range (Mean age ± SD) | Sex, % F | Sugar-sweetened beverages | Bone health | Main finding | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method of assessment | Beverage category | Intake level | Method of assessment | Sites | Outcomes | ||||||
Albala 2008 [29] c Chile | Randomized controlled trial | 98 | 8–10 y | 46.9 | Modified FFQ | Sugar-sweetened beveragesd | Low: 742.8 ± 207.9e High: 802.1 ± 142.0, p = 0.10 g/d | DEXA | WB | Bone Mass | ∙No difference in whole body bone mass between children fed different amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (p = 0.56). |
Fisher 2004 [30] c USA | Longitudinal study | 182 | 9 y | 100 | 24-h dietary recall | Sweetened beveragesf | Low: 358 High: 403, g/d | DEXA | WB | BMD | ∙Girls who drank more sweetened beverages (p < 0.01) had a significantly lower whole body BMD (p < 0.001). |
Libuda 2008 [31] Germany | Longitudinal study | 228 | 6–18 y | 49.6 | 3-day food records | Soft drinks | 8y, Prepubescent Girls: 119.8 ± 129.2 Boys: 136.8 ± 137.3 13y, Pubescent Girls: 186.0 ± 196.5 Boys: 243.5 ± 200.4, g/d | pQCT | Forearm | BMC | ∙Soft drinks consumption in children and adolescents was inversely associated with BMC at forearm (p = 0.036). |
Ma 2004 [32] Australia | Case-control study | 390 | 9–16 y | – | Questionnaire developed by author | Carbonated or cola drinks | Not reported | DEXA | WB LS FN | BMD | ∙No significant correlation was shown between carbonated and/or cola drinks and bone measures, although all were inverse trends. |
Manias 2006 [33] England | Case-control study | 100 | 4–16 y | 50 | FFQ | Carbonated beverages | Low: 0.13 ± 0.17 High: 0.33 ± 0.57, p = 0.0182, ℓ/d | DEXA | LS UB LB | BMD BMC | ∙Children who consumed more carbonated drinks (p = 0.0182) had a significantly lower BMD and BMC z-score at spine (BMD, p = 0.0003; BMC, p = 0.001), upper body (BMD, p = 0.015; BMC, p < 0.0001) and lower body (BMD, p = 0.015; BMC, p = 0.001). |
McGartland 2003 [34] England | Cross-sectional study | 1335 | 12–15 y | 55.7 | Dietary history | Carbonated soft drinksg | 12y: Girls: 351 ± 332 Boys: 459 ± 394, p < 0.01 15y: Girls: 340 ± 380 Boys: 518 ± 452, p < 0.01, g/d | DEXA | DR HL | BMD | ∙A significant inverse relationship between total intake of carbonated soft drinks and BMD was observed in girls at the forearm (p < 0.05) and heel (p < 0.05). |
Nassar 2014 [35] Eqypt | Case-control study | 100 | Low: 10.3 ± 1.4y High: 10.6 ± 1.3y | 44.1 | Questionnaire developed by author | Sugar-sweetened beveragesd | Low: 1.08 ± 0.64 High: 3.16 ± 0.37, p < 0.001, number of intake /dayh | DEXA | LS | BMD | ∙Children who consumed more than 12 oz had a significantly lower BMD (p < 0.001) than those that does not exceed 0–8 oz. |
Whiting 2001 [36] Canada | Cross-sectional study | 112 | 10–16 y | 47.3 | 24-h recall | Carbonated and low nutrient-density beveragesi | Girls Carbonated, 96 ± 102 Low nutrient dense, 240 ± 177 Boys Carbonated, 246 ± 300 Low nutrient density, 429 ± 393, mL/d | DEXA | WB | BMC | ∙Consumption of carbonated (p = 0.05) and low nutrient dense beverages (p = 0.03) was inversely related to BMC in adolescent girls but not in boys. |