Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Authors (Ref) | Publication year | Age mean (SD) control/intervention | Sample size (control/intervention) | Country/population | Study design | Intervention (name and daily dose) | Duration (weeks) | Presented data | Participant recruitment methods | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhao [41] | 2017 | 67.8 (7.5) / 68.5 (8.0) | 50 / 50 | China / diabetes | Parallel | 0.1 g/d | 42 weeks | Glucose and HbA1c | Not stated | Decrease |
Cornelli-3mon [31] | 2017 | 47.0 (3.75) / 46.4 (4.42) | 48 / 49 | Italy / obese | Parallel | 1.6 g/d | 13 weeks (3 month) | Glucose | Not stated | Decrease |
Cornelli-6mon [31] | 2017 | 47.0 (3.75) / 46.4 (4.42) | 48 / 49 | Italy / obese | Parallel | 1.6 g/d | 26 weeks (6 month) | Glucose | Not stated | Decrease |
Cornelli-9mon [31] | 2017 | 47.0 (3.75) / 46.4 (4.42) | 48 / 49 | Italy / obese | Parallel | 1.6 g/d | 38 weeks (9 month) | Glucose | Not stated | Decrease |
Cornelli-12mon [31] | 2017 | 47.0 (3.75) / 46.4 (4.42) | 48 / 49 | Italy / obese | Parallel | 1.6 g/d | 51 weeks (12 month) | Glucose | Not stated | No effect |
Trivedi-90 day [42] | 2016 | 36.3(10.5)/35.5(11.2) | 64/32 | India / overweight and obese | Parallel | 2.5 g/d | 12 weeks | HbA1c | Not stated | Decrease |
Trivedi-45 day [42] | 2016 | 36.3(10.5)/35.5(11.2) | 64/32 | India / overweight and obese | Parallel | 2.5 g/d | 6 weeks | HbA1c | Not stated | No effect |
Kim [33] | 2014 | 54.4 (2.02) / 57.8 (1.78) | 26 / 25 | Korea / prediabetes | Parallel | 1.5 g/d | 12 weeks | Glucose, Insulin and HbA1c | Recruited from Hospital and advertisement in local newspapers | Decrease:Glucose and HbAIc;No effect: Insulin |
Bays-4.5 g [39] | 2013 | 49.1 (11.2) / 52.0 (11.3) | 35 / 33 | USA / dyslipidemia | Parallel | 4.5 g/d | 6 weeks | Glucose and Insulin | Recruited in response to advertisements or from study site databases | No effect |
Bays-1.5 g [39] | 2013 | 50.9 (10.3) / 52.0 (11.3) | 35 / 32 | USA / dyslipidemia | Parallel | 1.5 g/d | 6 week | Glucose and Insulin | Recruited in response to advertisements or from study site databases | No effect |
Hernández-González [32] | 2010 | 46.1 (6.3) /41.6 (6.3) | 6月6日 | Mexico / obese | Parallel | 2.25 g/d | 13 weeks | Glucose | Not stated | No effect |
Lehtimäki-carrier [29] | 2005 | 43.5 (8.8) / 43.9 (8.9) | 29 / 29 | Finn / hypercholesterolaemic | Crossover | 2.4 g/d | 13 weeks | Glucose | Invitation letters | No effect |
Lehtimäki-noncarrier [29] | 2005 | 44.8 (7.7) / 45.0 (7.8) | 55 / 55 | Finn/hypercholesterolaemic | Crossover | 2.4 g/d | 13 weeks | Glucose | Invitation letters | No effect |
Mhurchu [34] | 2004 | 47 (11.7) / 48 (11.5) | 116 / 118 | New Zealand / overweight and obese | Parallel | 3 g/d | 24 weeks | Glucose | Recruited using newspaper advertisements | Decrease |
Metso [40] | 2003 | 46 (8) | 90 / 93 | Finland / hypercholesterolaemic | Crossover | 1.2 g/d | 13 weeks | Glucose | Invitation letters | No effect |
Ho [43] | 2001 | 43.3(7.7) / 42.6(6.7) | 32/36 | Singapore/Obesity | Parallel | 0.25 g/d | 16 weeks | Insulin | Recruited from the general public by advertisement | No effect |
Jeong [37] | 2019 | 28.6(1.49)/28.6(1.49) | 19/19 | Korea/prediabetes | Crossover | 0.25 g/d | 2 weeks | Glucose | Recruited from the Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics Laboratory at Yonsei University | Decrease |