Table 1 Characteristics of studies on whole grains intake and digestive tract cancers risk. (This table should be placed on line 132 in the sixth page)
Study | Country | Cancer site | Study design | Diet assessment | Simple (cases) | Intake comparison, High vs. low | RR/OR (95% CI) | Adjustment variables | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ruth 1989 [23] | America | CRC | Case-control | Standard questionnaire | 294 (147) | ≥5 vs ≤1 servings/week | 0.6 (0.4,1.1) | Age, education | 7 |
Sandro 1994 [24] | Italy | CRC | Case-control | Standard questionnaire | 264 (132) | Highest vs Lowest | 1.03(0.54,1.95) | Age, sex, education, smoking, modification of diet in the past. | 7 |
Martha 1997 [25] | America | CRC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 4403 (1993) | >  1.9 vs < 0.5 servings/day | 1.0 (0.8,1.4) | Age, body mass index, physical activity, use of aspirin/NSAID, presence or absence of a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer, total energy intake and calcium | 7 |
Cullouh 2003 [18] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire, 68 items | 133,163 (508) | ≥11.0 vs < 2.0 servings/week ≥11.2 vs < 2.5 servings/week | Man 0.95 (0.64,1.42) Woman 1.17 (0.73,1.87) | Age, exercise metabolic equivalent of tasks, aspirin, smoking, family history of colorectal cancer, body mass index, education, energy | 7 |
Wu 2004 [26] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire, 131 food items | 51,129 (561) | Highest vs Lowest | 0.75 (0.57,1.00) | Age, family history of colorectal cancer in first degree relative, history of endoscopy, physical activity, pack years of smoking before age 30, race, aspirin use, energy | 7 |
Larsson 2005 [27] | Swedish | CRC | Cohort | Frequency Questionnaire 67 food items | 61,433 (805) | ≥4.5 vs < 1.5 servings/day | 0.80 (0.60,1.06) | Age, body mass index, education, energy, saturated fat, calcium, red meat, fruits and vegetables | 7 |
Carl 2006 [19] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire 127 food items | 35,197 (757) | ≥19 v ≤ 3.5 servings/week | 0.81 (0.66,0.99) | Age | 7 |
Schatzkin 2007 [28] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire 124 food items | 567,169 (2974) | 1.3 vs 0.2 servings /day | 0.79 (0.70,0.89) | Age, sex, physical activity, smoking, HRT (women), red meat, dietary calcium, dietary folate, energy | 8 |
Christin 2009 [29] | America | CRC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire 124 food items | 1904 (945) | 2.8 vs 16.4 servings/week 2.9 vs 18.9 servings/week | Whites 0.93 (0.66,1.31) African-Americans 0.67 (0.21,1.42) | Adjusted for age, sex, education, income, BMI 1 year ago, physical activity, family history, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and total energy intake. | 7 |
Egeberg 2010 [30] | Denmark | CRC | Cohort | Frequency Questionnaire 192 food items | 160,725 (744) | > 160 vs ≤75 g/day | Colon cancer, men 0.61 (0.43,0.86) Rectal cancer, men 0.88 (0.57,1.36) Colon cancer, women 0.92 (0.63,1.35) Rectal cancer, women 0.81 (0.50,1.30) | Age, body mass index, alcohol intake, school education, red and processed meat, HRT (women), leisure time physical activity | 7 |
Fung 2010 [31] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire 140 food items | 132,746 (2464) | High vs Low | Men 0.94 (0.88,0.99) Women 0.95 (0.89,1.02) | Age, body mass index, alcohol, family history of colorectal cancer, colonoscopy, history of polyps, | 8 |
Kyro 2013 [32] | Denmark | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 10,800 (1123) | Men > 71 vs < 31 Women > 68 vs < 30 g/day | 0.86(0.69,1.06) | Alcohol intake, smoking status, education, intake of red and processed meat, BMI, and energy intake | 7 |
Suhad 2015 [33] | Jordan | CRC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire 109 food items | 407 (167) | 1/4 the time vs All the time | 0.32(0.12,0.84) | Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and tests for trend for CRC by weekly consumption | 8 |
Reema 2016 [34] | Jordan | CRC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 501 (220) | ≥3/4 vs < 1/4 of the Meals | 0.44 (0.22,0.92) | Adjusted for age, gender, total energy, red meat consumption, physical activity, smoke | 9 |
Sandro 2016 [35] | Brazil | CRC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 270 (169) | 1.2 vs 4.1 serving/month | 0.96(0.92,1.01) | Different types of food | 7 |
Bakken 2016 [36] | Norway | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 78,254 (795) | > 34 vs < 180 g/day | 0.89 (0.72,1.09) | Age as the time scale and adjusted for body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, smoking, alcohol consumption, | 7 |
Caroline 2019 [37] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire 68 food items | 112,149 (1742) | Man 9.2 vs 174 g/day Woman 11 vs 168 g/day | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | Age, sex, total energy intake, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, hormone replacement therapy use, total calcium red and processed meat, | 8 |
Xiaosheng 2019 [38] | America | CRC | Cohort | Frequencyquestionnaire | 138,773 (3178) | Men 4.00 vs 58.3 Women 3.18 vs 39.1 g/day | Men 0.73 (0.55,0.96) Women 1.08 (0.84,1.38) | Age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, smoking status, body mass index physical activity, alcohol intake, regular aspirin use, regular multivitamin use, calcium intake, vitamin D intake | 8 |
Vecchia 1988 [39] | Italy | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 1819 (206) | High vs low | 0.40(0.16,0.98) | Age, geographic area, sex, education | 8 |
Anna 1990 [40] | America | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 274 (137) | High vs low | 0.42(0.24,0.74) | Â | 7 |
Boeing 1991 [41] | Poland | GC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire 43 food items | 1482 (741) | High vs Low | 0.62(0.47,0.82) | Age, sex, occupation, education, and residency sex, occupation, education, and residency | 7 |
Boeing 1991 [42] | Germany | GC | Case-control | Interviewer administered questionnaire | 722 (143) | Highest vs Lowest | 0.37(0.22,0.62) | Age, sex, and hospital | 8 |
Jedrychowski 1992 [43] | Poland | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 1482 (741) | Highest vs Lowest | 0.18(0.07,0.44) | Age, sex, education, occupation of the index person and residency | 7 |
Hansson 1993 [44] | Sweden | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 1135 (456) | High vs Low | 0.89(0.79,1.01) | Age, gender, SES and consumption of a food item during adolescence and 20 years prior to interview | 7 |
Sonia 1997 [45] | Italy | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 2746 (722) | High vs Low | 0.63(0.28,1.40) | Age, sex, area of residence and education | 8 |
Liliane 1999 [46] | Italy | GC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 6862 (3336) | High vs Low | 0.5 (0.4,0.7) | Age and sex. | 7 |
Marjorie 2001 [47] | America | GC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 970,045 (1349) | > 4 vs < 1 sum of days/week | Man0.90(0.77,1.06) Woman0.97(0.77,1.24) | Age, education, smoking, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin C use, aspirin use, race, and family history | 7 |
Kasum 2002 [21] | America | GC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 34,651 (169) | 6.9–12.5 vs 13.0–108.5 servings/week | 0.61 (0.34,0.81) | Age and energy intake | 8 |
Lissowska 2004 [22] | Poland | GC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 737 (274) | High vs Low | 1.05(0.65,1.69) | Age, sex, education, smoking, and calories from food | 7 |
Levi 2000 [48] | Switzerland | EC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 450 (101) | > 10 vs < 4 times/week | 0.3(0.1–0.6) | Age, sex, education, smoking habits, and vegetables, fruits, alcohol and energy intake | 7 |
Honglei 2002 [49] | America | EC | Case-control | Health Habits Questionnaire | 697 (124) | High vs Low | 0.25 (0.12, 0.52) | Age, sex, energy intake, respondent type, BMI, alcohol use, tobacco use, education, family history | 8 |
Kasum 2002 [21] | America | EC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 34,651 (169) | > 21 vs < 3 servings/week | 0.53(0.34–0.81) | Age, pack-years of smoking, alcohol use and energy intake. | 8 |
Mahsa 2012 [50] | Iran | ESCC | Case-control | Frequency questionnaire | 153 (47) | 0.25 vs 0.03 Serving/day | 0.57(0.28–0.76) | Age, sex, total energy intake, gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, medication use, BMI, smoking, physical activity | 9 |
Sewram 2014 [51] | South Africa | EC | Case-control | Structured questionnaire | 1858 (670) | > 5 vs > 1 per week | Men0.66(0.40–1.10) Woman0.78(0.45,1.34) | Age, hospital, residence, and years of education. | 7 |
Skeie 2016 [52] | Norway, | EC | Cohort | Frequency questionnaire | 113,933 (112) | > 160 vs < 62 g/day | 0.55 (0.31–0.97) | Age, sex, education, smoking | 7 |