Table 1 General study characteristics of the included studies investigating the association between adherence to DASH dirt and risk of all-cause mortality and specific mortality

Folsom 2007 [37]

Iowa Women s Health Study, USA

16

CVD (1121)

Validated FFQ¹, 127, baseline

11 components: Total grains, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, total dairy, total meats, nuts, seeds and dry beans, sweets, sodium, total fats, saturated fatty acids. (8–40)

Age, energy intake, education, BMI, waist/hip, smoking status and pack-years, estrogen use, alcohol intake, physical activity, and multivitamin use

Stroke (236)

George 2014 [22]

Women’s Health Initiative Study, USA

12.9

CVD (1483)

Cancer (2384)

Validated FFQ, 122, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats and sweetened beverages (8–40)

Age, race/ethnicity, educational level, marital status, smoking, physical activity, daily energy intake, postmenopausal hormone therapy, diabetes, BMI, and alcohol

Yu 2014 [34]

Shanghai Men’s Health Study, China

6.5

All-cause (4348)

Validated FFQ, 81, baseline

7 components: vegetables; fruits; dairy; meat, poultry, fish, and eggs; nuts, seeds, and legumes; fats and oils; and sodium. (0–70)

Age, Educational Attainment, Income, Cigarette smoking, Alcohol consumption, Physical activity, multivitamin supplement; BMI, Waist-to-hip ratio; History of CVD, Diabetes, or Hypertension; and Total energy intake.

CVD (1344)

Cancer (1836)

Shanghai Women’s Health Study, China

12

All-cause (2954)

FFQ, 77, baseline

CVD (964)

Cancer (1290)

Reedy 2014 [38]

NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, USA

15

All-cause (54871)

Validated FFQ, 124, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, ethnicity, education, BMI, smoking, vigorous physical activity, energy intake, marital status, Diabetes, and alcohol

CVD (15497)

Cancer (18646)

Cuenca-García 2014 [36]

Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, USA

11.6

All-cause (358)

3-day diet record, baseline

8 components: fruits and vegetables, fish, whole grains, nuts/seeds and legumes, sodium, added sugar, processed meat, and saturated fat. (0–8)

Age, sex, energy intake, examination

year, smoking, alcohol, abnormal resting or exercise electrocardiogram, parental history of premature CVD, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness

CVD (102)

Cancer (134)

Boggs 2015 [39]

Black Women s Health Study, USA

16

All-cause (1678)

Validated FFQ, 98, baseline and every 2 year

8 components: fruits (including fruit juice), vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, and low-fat dairy, sodium, red and processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, total energy intake, education, marital status, vigorous exercise, television watching, smoking, BMI, and alcohol

CVD (428)

Cancer (742)

Harmon 2015 [23]

Multiethnic Cohort Study, USA

13–18

All-cause (18263)

Validated FFQ, 182, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, energy intake, history of diabetes, ethnicity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, smoking, education, marital status, hormone-replacement therapy, BMI, and alcohol

CVD (6408)

Cancer (5853)

Lassale 2016 [40]

Pan-EPIC, Europe

12.8

All-cause (15200)

Validated FFQ, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity level and educational level

CVD (3761)

Cancer (7475)

Park 2016 [41]

Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

18.6

All-cause (296)

A single 24-h dietary recall, baseline

9 components: fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy products, whole grains, fat (total/saturated), sodium, sweets, and red meats. (0–9)

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and total energy intake

CVD (67)

Cancer (79)

Biesbroek 2017 [42]

EPIC-NL, Netherland

19.2

All-cause (3845)

Validated FFQ, 178, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, BMI, educational level, smoking status, total energy intake, physical activity and alcohol consumption

Zaslavsky 2017 [33]

Women s Health Initiative Study, USA

12.4

All-cause (3259)

Validate FFQ, 122, baseline and 3 year after baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, energy and protein intake, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, number of frailty criteria, physical activity, and BMI

Jones 2018 [43]

EPI C-Norfo lk cohor t study, Britania

12.4

All-cause (6567)

Validated FFQ, 130, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy, red and processed meats, salt, and non-milk extrinsic sugars. (8–40)

Age, sex and dietary energy, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, SES, marital status, use of antihypertensive medication, use of lipid-lowering medication and history of CVD

CVD (1647)

Aigner 2018 [44]

Multiethnic Cohort Study, USA

17.6

Stroke (3548)

Validated FFQ, 180, baseline

8 components: fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, sodium, red and processed meats, and sweetened beverages. (8–40)

Age, energy intake, history of diabetes, ethnicity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, smoking, education, marital status, hormone-replacement therapy, BMI, and alcohol