Water intake and intra-meal fluid consumption in relation to general and abdominal obesity of Iranian adults

Nutrition Journal

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants across categories of whole-day water intake and intra-meal fluid consumption¹

	Whole-day water intake (glass/d)					Intra-meal fluid consumption (glass/d)
	< 2	2–5	6–8	> 8	P-value²	< 1	1–2	3–4	> 4	P-value²
Age, y	38.0 ± 7.90	36.8 ± 8.23	36.01 ± 8.45	36.62 ± 8.98	< 0.001	37.0 ± 8.14	36.8 ± 8.43	35.0 ± 9.02	36.9 ± 6.55	0.01
Female, %	64.0	59.6	57.2	58.0	< 0.001	61.6	57.8	53.2	46.3	< 0.001
Married, %	81.5	83.0	84.3	83.6	0.29	82.5	83.8	81.5	94.3	0.09
University graduated, %	61.7	60.7	58.0	58.5	0.25	60.6	60.0	50.3	56.6	0.07
Home ownership, %	67.1	68.2	69.3	69.5	0.70	68.1	68.7	65.0	66.7	0.82
Physically active, %	34.1	33.3	34.2	32.0	0.86	32.9	34.6	40.7	32.0	0.16
Meal regularity (always), %	12.0	14.6	17.3	24.0	< 0.001	15.3	13.4	13.0	18.9	< 0.001
Number of meals (3 meals/day), %	60.3	68.6	71.0	68.3	< 0.001	67.1	67.5	70.2	62.2	0.72
Quick eating of lunch (< 10 min), %	20.2	14.0	13.0	17.4	< 0.001	15.6	15.5	15.3	18.9	0.001
Quick eating of dinner (< 10 min), %	28.3	22.0	20.6	21.8	< 0.001	24.6	21.5	18.6	25.7	< 0.001
Breakfast skippers, %	76.6	76.9	76.3	74.0	0.74	23.7	22.0	27.4	32.1	0.13
Dietary intakes
Energy (kcal/d)	2340 ± 824	2373 ± 834	2388 ± 843	2382 ± 810	0.45	2362 ± 835	2377 ± 820	2415 ± 848	2355 ± 899	0.82
Protein (g/d)	87.4 ± 33.3	88.5 ± 33.9	89.2 ± 34.7	88.4 ± 32.7	0.53	88.1 ± 34	88.5 ± 33	91.8 ± 37.6	87.8 ± 35.6	0.59
Carbohydrate (g/d)	286.4 ± 116	290.1 ± 116	291.2 ± 117	290.2 ± 113	0.68	288.8 ± 116	290.3 ± 114	291.7 ± 121	287.4 ± 124	0.96
Fat (g/d)	97.7 ± 36.9	99.3 ± 37.9	100.1 ± 38.3	100.4 ± 37.3	0.31	98.8 ± 37.7	99.5 ± 37.2	101.6 ± 38.8	98.5 ± 42.5	0.75
Dietary fibre (g/d)	22.2 ± 9.8	22.5 ± 9.7	22.7 ± 10.1	22.4 ± 9.2	0.54	22.5 ± 9.8	22.4 ± 9.6	22.7 ± 10.5	22.2 ± 9.6	0.98

ISSN: 1475-2891