Regional and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns in a representative sample of young polish females: a cross-sectional study (GEBaHealth project)

Czarnocinska, Jolanta; Wadolowska, Lidia; Lonnie, Marta; Kowalkowska, Joanna; Jezewska-Zychowicz, Marzena; Babicz-Zielinska, Ewa

doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00546-8

Table 2 Sample distribution (%) or means (with standard deviation) in relation to country region, family socioeconomic status (SES), age and body mass index (BMI) by tertiles of dietary patterns

From: Regional and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns in a representative sample of young polish females: a cross-sectional study (GEBaHealth project)

Variables	Total	‘Traditional Polish’				‘Fruit and vegetables’				‘Fast food and sweets’				‘Dairy and fats’
Variables	Total	Bottom	Middle	Upper	P	Bottom	Middle	Upper	P	Bottom	Middle	Upper	P	Bottom	Middle	Upper	P
Number of respondents	1107	367	364	376		364	367	376		365	365	377		366	365	376
Age (years)	17.3 (2.6)	17.6 (2.5)	17.1 (2.6)	17.1 (2.6)	0.0032	17.0 (2.6)	17.4 (2.5)	17.4 (2.6)	0.0771	17.5 (2.6)	17.2 (2.6)	17.2 (2.6)	0.3652	17.8 (2.5)	17.1 (2.6)	17.0 (2.6)	< 0.0001
Region ^a					0.0170				0.0772				0.4819				0.3621
East	18.1	40.1	37.0	22.9		37.8	34.3	28.0		33.0	33.8	33.2		34.6	35.3	30.1
North	14.9	36.5	25.9	37.6		33.2	32.0	34.8		25.4	32.8	41.8		25.3	36.6	38.1
North-West	16.5	29.3	32.9	37.8		38.6	35.5	25.9		35.0	34.1	30.9		35.1	32.2	32.7
South	21.3	26.9	35.6	37.5		27.8	34.7	37.5		37.3	30.9	31.8		31.7	31.5	36.8
South-West	9.5	37.2	31.0	31.7		30.5	27.7	41.8		31.1	36.9	32.0		29.8	34.3	35.9
Central	19.7	32.0	32.5	35.6		30.1	32.0	37.9		33.2	32.0	34.8		38.8	29.6	31.6
SES index ^b					< 0.0001				0.0007				0.7716				0.4559
Low	36.2	22.0	34.4	43.6		40.4	32.2	27.4		32.1	34.9	33.0		33.5	33.9	32.5
average	30.6	34.0	30.2	35.8		30.0	33.1	36.9		33.9	33.1	33.0		30.0	35.1	34.9
High	33.2	44.3	33.8	21.9		27.4	34.3	38.4		33.1	30.8	36.0		35.4	29.9	34.7
Components of SES index
Mother’s education					< 0.0001				0.0473				0.0118				0.0846
primary/lower secondary	39.8	24.1	33.1	42.8		37.5	31.7	30.8		27.3	36.8	35.9		32.9	34.2	32.9
upper secondary	43.8	36.6	31.6	31.9		31.3	34.0	34.7		37.5	29.0	33.5		30.4	32.4	37.3
higher	16.4	45.7	35.9	18.4		25.8	34.6	39.6		34.6	34.5	30.9		40.6	31.4	28.0
Father’s education					< 0.0001				< 0.0001				0.0080				0.0487
primary/lower secondary	52.4	25.8	33.3	40.9		38.8	32.9	28.4		28.3	36.2	35.5		32.6	35.1	32.4
upper secondary	35.1	39.5	31.7	28.7		29.1	32.7	38.2		38.3	28.3	33.4		30.4	31.9	37.7
Higher	12.5	45.5	34.6	19.9		18.9	35.7	45.5		37.6	33.1	29.3		42.6	27.0	30.4
Economic status					0.0134				0.0204				0.1319				0.0656
below average	3.9	19.0	31.2	49.8		47.3	21.3	31.4		25.1	41.8	33.1		25.3	50.0	24.7
average	80.0	32.6	32.4	35.0		33.4	32.0	34.7		34.3	33.1	32.6		32.4	32.3	35.3
above average	16.1	39.1	35.6	25.3		27.1	41.9	31.0		28.5	30.3	41.3		38.2	32.1	29.8
Description of household – we live:					< 0.0001				0.1576				0.1469				0.3394
modestly ^c	8.2	16.0	38.1	45.9		41.6	26.1	32.3		35.7	35.7	28.6		24.0	33.8	42.2
relatively thriftily	49.6	30.0	32.5	37.5		33.8	34.3	31.9		35.9	31.8	32.3		34.0	33.1	32.9
well ^d	42.2	40.0	32.4	27.6		30.1	33.2	36.6		29.1	33.9	37.0		33.8	32.6	33.6
Weight status
BMI categories ^e					0.1014				0.0059				0.0033				0.0477
thinnest grade 3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.0		0.0	0.0	0.0
thinnest grade 2	0.5	34.4	39.6	26.0		34.8	30.3	34.9		9.5	48.4	42.1		69.7	0.0	30.3
thinnest grade 1	9.7	22.7	31.8	45.5		35.1	30.9	34.0		30.3	21.2	48.5		24.5	40.5	35.0
normal weight	77.7	34.8	32.5	32.7		34.9	33.8	31.3		31.6	34.5	33.9		31.9	32.8	35.3
overweight	10.5	32.6	37.6	29.8		19.2	31.1	49.7		43.9	31.8	24.3		43.4	29.0	27.6
obesity	1.6	15.8	34.1	50.1		13.2	41.7	45.1		44.3	37.0	18.7		39.8	39.0	21.2

Notes: Sample size may vary in each variables due to missing data; All data adjusted for sample weights; ^a Regions of Poland ranked by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from less to more wealthy: East GDP = 69.7, North GDP = 84.8, North-West GDP = 95.1, South GDP = 98.8, South-West GDP = 104.8, Central GDP = 140.4, Poland GDP = 100 [24]; ^b SES index categories based on tertile distribution; ^c ‘Modestly’ category was developed by combining two answers: ‘we live poorly’ and ‘we live modestly’; ^d ‘Well’ category was developed by combining two answers: ‘we live well’ and ‘we live very well’; ^e BMI was categorised according to IOTF standards [37], for girls 13–18 years old according to age-sex-specific BMI cut-offs, for girls > 18 years old according to cut-offs for girls at age 18) [37] as follows: < 16.0 kg/m² (thinnest grade 3), 16.0–16.9 kg/m² (thinnest grade 2), 17.0–18.4 kg/m² (thinnest grade 1), 18.5–24.9 kg/m² (normal weight), 25.0–29.9 kg/m² (overweight) and ≥ 30 kg/m² (obesity); P – significance level of the following tests: chi² test for categorical variables or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variable

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