The impact of food fortification on stunting in Zimbabwe: does gender of the household head matter?

Kairiza, Terrence; Kembo, George; Pallegedara, Asankha; Macheka, Lesley

doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00541-z

Nutrition Journal

Table 4 Probit estimates of the impact of gender on the adoption of fortified foods

From: The impact of food fortification on stunting in Zimbabwe: does gender of the household head matter?

	Proxy of Food Fortification Adoption:
	Ever heard about Fortified foods [1 if Yes, 0 if No]	Able to identify fortified foods on the market [1 if Yes, 0 if No]	Purchased any fortified food product in the past 30 days [1 if Yes, 0 if No]	Fed child (6–23 months) meals with micronutrient powders in the past 30 days [1 if Yes, 0 if No]	Ever heard about Bio fortified Crops [1 if Yes, 0 if No]
	(I)	(II)	(III)	(IV)	(V)
Household head is female	0.00764	−0.00107	0.00110	0.00892^b	0.00830^c
Household head is female	(0.00678)	(0.00778)	(0.00650)	(0.00445)	(0.00447)
Household head age [Years]	0.000349^b	0.000325	0.000557^a	−4.20e-05	0.000617^a
Household head age [Years]	(0.000169)	(0.000203)	(0.000166)	(0.000104)	(0.000103)
Married	−0.0185	− 0.0272	− 0.0554^b	− 0.0111	0.0120
Married	(0.0204)	(0.0271)	(0.0217)	(0.0145)	(0.0134)
Living with partner	−0.00669	− 0.0324	− 0.0170	− 0.0166	− 0.00523
Living with partner	(0.0222)	(0.0267)	(0.0193)	(0.0109)	(0.0166)
Divorced/Separated	−0.0379^b	0.00301	−0.0334^b	−0.0137	0.00533
Divorced/Separated	(0.0163)	(0.0278)	(0.0154)	(0.0104)	(0.0178)
Widow/Widower	−0.0131	−0.0197	− 0.0337^b	− 0.0177^c	− 0.00332
Widow/Widower	(0.0188)	(0.0247)	(0.0154)	(0.00979)	(0.0151)
Primary level	0.0123	0.0167^c	0.0501^a	0.00129	0.0135^b
Primary level	(0.00757)	(0.00919)	(0.00842)	(0.00487)	(0.00525)
ZJC	0.0546^a	0.0754^a	0.0949^a	0.0180^b	0.0332^a
ZJC	(0.0117)	(0.0135)	(0.0137)	(0.00746)	(0.00896)
O′ level	0.0770^a	0.0715^a	0.111^a	0.0162^a	0.0379^a
O′ level	(0.00916)	(0.0105)	(0.0102)	(0.00564)	(0.00647)
A’ level	0.120^a	0.111^a	0.169^a	0.0170	0.0502^a
A’ level	(0.0251)	(0.0265)	(0.0282)	(0.0131)	(0.0183)
Diploma/Certificate after primary	0.270^a	0.174^a	0.299^a	0.0615^c	0.110^b
Diploma/Certificate after primary	(0.0589)	(0.0587)	(0.0610)	(0.0350)	(0.0442)
Diploma/Certificate after secondary	0.329^a	0.309^a	0.379^a	0.0674^a	0.118^a
Diploma/Certificate after secondary	(0.0306)	(0.0319)	(0.0318)	(0.0201)	(0.0250)
Graduate/Post-Graduate	0.353^a	0.300^a	0.413^a	0.0991^a	0.201^a
Graduate/Post-Graduate	(0.0395)	(0.0410)	(0.0400)	(0.0280)	(0.0372)
Household size	0.00387^a	0.00488^a	0.00337^a	0.00140^c	0.00170^b
Household size	(0.00116)	(0.00145)	(0.00116)	(0.000782)	(0.000729)
Proportion of economically active household members	0.0299^a	0.103^a	0.0625^a	0.0291^a	0.0231^a
Proportion of economically active household members	(0.00867)	(0.0104)	(0.00855)	(0.00557)	(0.00548)
Number of chronically ill household members	0.00739^c	−0.00165	−0.00229	0.0110^a	0.00181
Number of chronically ill household members	(0.00448)	(0.00546)	(0.00457)	(0.00251)	(0.00292)
Number of mentally ill household members	− 0.00972	0.00388	− 0.00548	0.00597^c	− 0.00404
Number of mentally ill household members	(0.00642)	(0.00719)	(0.00614)	(0.00357)	(0.00392)
Number of children with sick mothers in the household	−0.0168	0.00997	−0.0262^b	− 0.00904	− 0.0117
Number of children with sick mothers in the household	(0.0119)	(0.0130)	(0.0122)	(0.00735)	(0.00766)
Number of children with sick fathers in the household	0.00406	0.0233	0.00445	0.00833	0.00238
Number of children with sick fathers in the household	(0.0132)	(0.0144)	(0.0123)	(0.00702)	(0.00771)
Household is located in rural areas	0.0351^a	0.00445	0.0336^a	0.00177	0.0180^a
Household is located in rural areas	(0.0116)	(0.0158)	(0.0114)	(0.00811)	(0.00689)
Bulawayo	−0.0896^a	−0.154^a	−0.0822^a	− 0.0433^a	− 0.0409^a
Bulawayo	(0.00757)	(0.00364)	(0.00725)	(0.00155)	(0.00283)
Manicaland	−0.0201	−0.0723^a	− 0.0441^a	−0.0109	− 0.0155^c
Manicaland	(0.0161)	(0.0146)	(0.0130)	(0.00824)	(0.00882)
Mash Central	−0.0267^c	−0.104^a	− 0.0560^a	−0.0318^a	0.00306
Mash Central	(0.0158)	(0.0126)	(0.0122)	(0.00528)	(0.0120)
Mash East	−0.0194	0.0381^c	0.00932	−0.0320^a	−0.0267^a
Mash East	(0.0162)	(0.0223)	(0.0182)	(0.00544)	(0.00723)
Mash West	−0.0460^a	−0.0210	− 0.0449^a	−0.0348^a	− 0.0350^a
Mash West	(0.0136)	(0.0184)	(0.0130)	(0.00473)	(0.00558)
Mat North	0.0348^c	−0.0779^a	−0.0115	− 0.0328^a	−0.0400^a
Mat North	(0.0207)	(0.0147)	(0.0164)	(0.00522)	(0.00503)
Mat South	−0.0376^b	−0.118^a	− 0.0465^a	−0.0416^a	− 0.0402^a
Mat South	(0.0148)	(0.0112)	(0.0131)	(0.00376)	(0.00470)
Midlands	−0.0663^a	−0.141^a	− 0.0745^a	−0.0346^a	− 0.0204^b
Midlands	(0.0120)	(0.00950)	(0.0104)	(0.00504)	(0.00818)
Masvingo	−0.0588^a	−0.0290	− 0.0473^a	−0.0310^a	− 0.0459^a
Masvingo	(0.0126)	(0.0181)	(0.0129)	(0.00548)	(0.00436)
Observations	24,730	22,701	24,407	24,176	24,790
Pseudo R²	0.0399	0.0712	0.0454	0.0430	0.0577

Notes: Sample size is 25,297. Robust standard errors in parentheses. ^a, ^b, and ^c indicate the 1, 5, and 10% levels of significance

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