The impact of food fortification on stunting in Zimbabwe: does gender of the household head matter?

Kairiza, Terrence; Kembo, George; Pallegedara, Asankha; Macheka, Lesley

doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00541-z

Nutrition Journal

Table 1 Background characteristics of households by treatment status

From: The impact of food fortification on stunting in Zimbabwe: does gender of the household head matter?

Variable	Adopted Food Fortification				Difference in means [Y – N]
	Yes [Y]		No [N]
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Observations (%)	3038	(12%)	22,259	(88%)
Household head is female	0.246	0.43	0.265	0.441	−0.019^b
Household head age [Years]	42.329	14.912	42.266	15.637	0.063
Marital status of household head
Married	0.811	0.392	0.791	0.407	0.020^a
Living with partner	0.022	0.146	0.021	0.142	0.001
Divorced/separated	0.034	0.18	0.047	0.212	−0.014^a
Widow/Widower	0.12	0.325	0.129	0.335	−0.009
Never married/never lived with a partner	0.014	0.116	0.012	0.111	0.001
Education level of household head
None	0.089	0.285	0.123	0.328	−0.034^a
Primary level	0.311	0.463	0.406	0.491	−0.095^a
ZJC level	0.108	0.31	0.098	0.297	0.010^c
O′ level	0.396	0.489	0.336	0.472	0.060^a
A’ level	0.023	0.151	0.017	0.131	0.006^b
Diploma/Certificate after primary	0.008	0.091	0.003	0.051	0.006^a
Diploma/Certificate after secondary	0.041	0.197	0.012	0.107	0.029^a
Graduate/Post-Graduate	0.024	0.152	0.006	0.078	0.018^a
Household characteristics
Household size (number of members)	4.779	1.931	4.697	1.934	0.083^b
Proportion of economically active household members	0.447	0.246	0.424	0.249	0.023^a
Number of chronically ill household members	0.155	0.476	0.146	0.458	0.009
Number of mentally ill household members	0.084	0.323	0.091	0.34	−0.008
Number of children with sick mothers in the household	0.021	0.165	0.028	0.196	−0.007^b
Number of children with sick fathers in the household	0.016	0.151	0.018	0.161	−0.001
Household is located in rural areas	0.927	0.26	0.925	0.264	0.002
Province
Bulawayo	0.006	0.079	0.018	0.132	−0.011^a
Manicaland	0.124	0.329	0.101	0.301	0.023^a
Mash Central	0.118	0.322	0.118	0.322	0
Mash East	0.152	0.359	0.126	0.332	0.025^a
Mash West	0.1	0.3	0.117	0.322	−0.018^a
Mat North	0.184	0.388	0.109	0.312	0.075^a
Mat South	0.088	0.283	0.102	0.303	−0.015^a
Midlands	0.087	0.282	0.14	0.347	−0.053^a
Masvingo	0.095	0.293	0.132	0.339	−0.037^a
Harare	0.047	0.211	0.036	0.187	0.011^a

Notes
Sample size of 25,297 is the actual number of households with children under 5 years
The fifth column shows the results of two-tailed t-test for the difference in the means. ^a, ^b, and ^c indicate the 1, 5, and 10% levels of significance, the assumption is that the sub-samples have an unequal variance
The data are expressed as proportions unless otherwise stated

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ISSN: 1475-2891

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