Table 1 Demographic information and nutritional status of the 716 North Indian children at baseline (6 to 30 months) and follow up (6 to 9 years)
Vitamin D sufficient (n = 154) | Vitamin D inadequate (n = 234) | Vitamin D deficient (n = 328) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Child characteristics at baseline (6 to 30 months) | |||
Boys, n (%) | 85 (55.2) | 125 (53.4) | 161 (49.1) |
Ever breastfed, n (%) | 154 (100) | 232 (99.1) | 323 (98.5) |
Growth Z scores, mean (sd) | |||
Weight-for-height (WHZ) | −0.9 (0.9) | − 0.9 (0.9) | − 0.8 (0.9) |
Height-for-age (HAZ) | −1.7 (1.1) | − 1.6 (1.1) | − 1.6 (1.2) |
Weight-for-age (WAZ) | − 1.6 (0.9) | −1.5 (1) | − 1.5 (1) |
Wasted (<−2 WHZ) | 18 (11.7) | 28 (12) | 34 (10.4) |
Stunted (<−2 HAZ) | 59 (38.3) | 86 (36.7) | 128 (39) |
Underweight (<−2 WAZ) | 47 (30.5) | 77 (32.9) | 105 (32) |
Biomarkers: | |||
Cobalamin, mean (sd) pmol/L | 312.7 (186.7) | 332.6 (215.3) | 305.9 (175.2) |
Cobalamin < 200 pmol/L, n (%) | 47 (30.5) | 72 (30.8) | 106 (32.3) |
Folate, mean (sd) nmol/L | 16.7 (14.6) | 16.1 (13.7) | 14.9 (14.4) |
Folate < 7.5 nmol/L, n (%) | 48 (31.2) | 69 (29.5) | 115 (35.1) |
Homocysteine, mean (sd) μmol/L | 14.4 (8.8) | 13.3 (6.7) | 13.7 (7.3) |
Homocysteine > 10 μmol/L, n (%) | 104 (68.4) | 144 (62.1) | 204 (62.4) |
Soluble transferrin receptor, mean (sd) nmol/L | 4.3 (2.8) | 4.4 (3.3) | 4.7 (3.1) |
Soluble transferrin receptor> 4.7 nmol/L, n (%) | 40 (26) | 76 (32.5) | 111 (33.8) |
Child characteristics at follow up (6 to 9 years) | |||
Age follow up (yrs) mean (SD) | 7.9 (0.6) | 7.8 (0.6) | 7.9 (0.6) |
Schooling | |||
No School, n (%) | 3 (1.9) | 6 (2.6) | 4 (1.2) |
Hindi medium, n (%) | 61 (39.6) | 88 (37.6) | 129 (39.3) |
English medium, n (%) | 90 (58.4) | 140 (59.8) | 195 (59.4) |
Family characteristics at follow up | |||
Mothers years of schooling | |||
No schooling, n (%) | 54 (35.5) | 65 (28) | 76 (23.3) |
Primary (1–5 years), n (%) | 23 (15.1) | 18 (7.8) | 49 (15) |
Middle (6–12 years), n (%) | 65 (42.8) | 123 (53) | 153 (46.9) |
Higher (> 12 years), n (%) | 10 (6.6) | 26 (11.2) | 48 (14.7) |
Fathers occupation | |||
Government job or private services, n (%) | 88 (57.1) | 135 (57.9) | 165 (50.8) |
Self-employed, n (%) | 31 (20.1) | 56 (24) | 95 (29.2) |
Daily wager/farming, n (%) | 29 (18.8) | 31 (13.3) | 52 (16) |
No job/other, n (%) | 6 (3.9) | 11 (4.7) | 13 (4) |
Wealth Quintile | |||
Poorest, n (%) | 39 (25.3) | 47 (20.1) | 60 (18.3) |
Very Poor, n (%) | 36 (23.4) | 38 (16.2) | 65 (19.8) |
Poor, n (%) | 31 (20.1) | 57 (24.4) | 60 (18.3) |
Less Poor, n (%) | 32 (20.8) | 43 (18.4) | 69 (21) |
Least Poor, n (%) | 16 (10.4) | 49 (20.9) | 74 (22.6) |