Table 3 Characteristics and dairy energy consumption of participants by quartiles of dietary pattern scoresa
Variables | Vegetable | Poultry-fruit | Sweets | Plant protein-rich | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | Q1 | Q4 | |
GDM | ||||||||
 No | 59(72.8) | 60(74.1) | 58(71.6) | 54(66.7) | 61(75.3) | 49(60.5) | 55(67.9) | 54(66.7) |
 Yes | 22(27.2) | 21(25.9) | 23(28.4) | 27(33.3) | 20(24.7) | 32(39.5) | 26(32.1) | 27(33.3) |
Pb | 1.000 | Â | 0.610 | Â | 0.064 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Maternal age (y) | ||||||||
 < 25 | 9(11.1) | 6(7.4) | 10(12.3) | 7(8.6) | 9(11.1) | 9(11.1) | 13(16.1) | 5(6.2) |
 25–29 | 27(33.3) | 33(40.7) | 35(43.2) | 32(39.5) | 31(38.3) | 37(45.7) | 35(43.2) | 33(40.7) |
 30–34 | 37(45.7) | 32(39.6) | 28(34.6) | 34(42.0) | 35(43.2) | 26(32.1) | 26(32.1) | 35(43.2) |
 ≥ 35 | 8(9.9) | 10(12.3) | 8(9.9) | 8(9.9) | 6(7.4) | 9(11.1) | 7(8.6) | 8(9.9) |
Pb | 0.634 | Â | 0.757 | Â | 0.491 | Â | 0.172 | Â |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
 < 18.5 | 6(7.4) | 13(16) | 10(12.3) | 11(13.6) | 9(11.1) | 9(11.1) | 12(14.8) | 10(12.3) |
 18.5–23.9 | 58(71.6) | 55(68) | 52(64.2) | 56(69.1) | 56(69.1) | 59(72.8) | 53(65.4) | 54(66.7) |
 ≥ 24.0 | 17(21) | 13(16) | 19(23.5) | 14(19.8) | 16(19.8) | 13(16.1) | 16(19.8) | 17(21) |
P | 0.206 | Â | 0.664 | Â | 0.825 | Â | 0.944 | Â |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 Han Chinese | 72(88.9) | 79(97.5) | 79(97.5) | 76(93.8) | 74(91.4) | 75(92.6) | 72(88.9) | 79(97.5) |
 Others | 9(11.1) | 2(2.5) | 2(2.5) | 5(6.2) | 7(8.6) | 6(7.4) | 9(11.1) | 2(2.5) |
Pb | 0.057 | Â | 0.443 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 0.057 | Â |
Education level | ||||||||
 Junior secondary school or below | 13(16) | 11(13.6) | 15(18.5) | 11(13.6) | 15(18.5) | 8(9.9) | 16(19.8) | 13(16) |
 Senior/technical secondary school | 12(14.8) | 3(3.7) | 7(8.6) | 12(14.8) | 12(14.8) | 7(8.6) | 10(12.3) | 7(8.7) |
 University or above | 56(69.1) | 67(82.7) | 59(72.9) | 58(71.6) | 54(66.7) | 66(81.5) | 55(67.9) | 61(75.3) |
Pb | 0.035 | Â | 0.346 | Â | 0.113 | Â | 0.587 | Â |
Smoking before pregnancy | ||||||||
 No | 75(92.6) | 76(93.8) | 77(95.1) | 77(95.1) | 79(97.5) | 77(95.1) | 76(93.8) | 78(96.3) |
 Yes | 6(7.4) | 5(6.2) | 4(4.9) | 4(4.9) | 2(2.5) | 4(4.9) | 5(6.2) | 3(3.7) |
Pb | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 0.682 | Â | 0.720 | Â |
Mode of conception | ||||||||
 Natural conceived | 43(53.1) | 54(66.7) | 62(76.5) | 39(48.1) | 50(61.7) | 40(49.4) | 44(54.3) | 44(54.3) |
 IVF-ET | 38(46.9) | 27(33.3) | 19(23.5) | 42(51.9) | 31(38.3) | 41(50.6) | 37(45.7) | 37(45.7) |
Pb | 0.109 |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.155 |  | 1.000 |  |
Chorionicity | ||||||||
 Monochorionic-diamniotic | 23(28.4) | 40(49.4) | 40(49.4) | 27(33.3) | 33(40.7) | 33(40.7) | 33(40.7) | 31(38.3) |
 Dichorionic-diamniotic | 58(71.6) | 41(50.6) | 41(50.6) | 54(66.7) | 48(59.3) | 48(59.3) | 48(59.3) | 50(61.7) |
Pb | 0.010 | Â | 0.055 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 0.872 | Â |
Parity | ||||||||
 0 | 58(71.6) | 60(74.1) | 58(71.6) | 65(80.2) | 59(72.8) | 67(82.7) | 61(75.3) | 61(75.3) |
 ≥ 1 | 23(28.4) | 21(25.9) | 23(28.4) | 16(19.8) | 22(27.2) | 14(17.3) | 20(24.7) | 20(24.7) |
Pb | 0.860 | Â | 0.270 | Â | 0.185 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Previous history of GDM | ||||||||
 No | 81(100) | 80(98.8) | 80(98.8) | 79(97.5) | 80(98.8) | 79(97.5) | 81(100) | 79(97.5) |
 Yes | 0(0) | 1(1.2) | 1(1.2) | 2(2.5) | 1(1.2) | 2(2.5) | 0(0) | 2(2.5) |
Pb | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Family history of DM | ||||||||
 No | 78(96.3) | 77(95.1) | 79(97.5) | 78(96.3) | 76(93.8) | 79(97.5) | 77(95.1) | 76(93.8) |
 Yes | 3(3.7) | 4(4.9) | 2(2.5) | 3(3.7) | 5(6.2) | 2(2.5) | 4(4.9) | 5(6.2) |
Pb | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â | 0.443 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Energy intake, kcal/d | ||||||||
 ≥ 2100 | 17(21) | 44(54.3) | 12(14.8) | 21(25.9) | 25(30.9) | 45(55.6) | 27(33.3) | 47(58) |
 < 2100 | 64(79) | 37(45.7) | 69(85.2) | 60(74.1) | 56(69.1) | 36(44.4) | 54(66.7) | 34(42) |
Pb | < 0.001 |  | 0.118 |  | 0.002 |  | 0.003 |  |