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Table 3 Characteristics of the subjects across different indices of adiposity (n = 14,087)a

From: Gender difference in the association of dietary patterns and metabolic parameters with obesity in young and middle-aged adults with dyslipidemia and abnormal fasting plasma glucose in Taiwan

Variables

BMI (kg/m2)

WCb

WHRc

WHtRd

Body fate

< 23 (n = 4303)

23–24.9 (n = 3737)

≥ 25 (n = 6047)

Pf

Low (n = 10,609)

High (n = 3478)

Pf

Low (n = 10,257)

High (n = 3830)

Pf

Low (n = 8382)

High (n = 5705)

Pf

Low (n = 9447)

High (n = 4640)

Pf

Sex, n (%)

   

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.055

  

0.000

  

0.000

 Men

2600 (60.4)

3059 (81.9)

5032 (83.2)

 

7913 (74.6)

2778 (79.9)

 

7741 (75.5)

2950 (77.0)

 

5788 (69.1)

4903 (85.9)

 

8923 (94.5)

1768 (38.1)

 

 Women

1703 (39.6)

678 (18.1)

1015 (16.8)

 

2696 (25.4)

700 (20.1)

 

2516 (24.5)

880 (23.0)

 

2594 (30.9)

802 (14.1)

 

524 (5.5)

2872 (61.9)

 

Age, n (%)

   

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.005

 20–30 y

583 (13.5)

379 (10.2)

705 (11.7)

 

1290 (12.1)

377 (10.8)

 

1403 (13.7)

264 (6.9)

 

1125 (13.4)

542 (9.5)

 

1117 (11.8)

550 (11.9)

 

 31–40 y

1917 (44.6)

1604 (42.9)

2618 (43.3)

 

4708 (44.4)

1431 (41.2)

 

4704 (45.9)

1435 (37.5)

 

3816 (45.5)

2323 (40.7)

 

4203 (44.5)

1936 (41.7)

 

 41–50 y

1803 (41.9)

1754 (46.9)

2724 (45.0)

 

4611 (43.5)

1670 (48.0)

 

4150 (40.4)

2131 (55.6)

 

3441 (41.1)

2840 (49.8)

 

4127 (43.7)

2154 (46.4)

 

Marital status, n (%)

   

0.000

  

0.851

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

 Single

1040 (24.2)

721 (19.3)

1373 (22.7)

 

2352 (22.2)

782 (22.5)

 

2417 (23.6)

717 (18.7)

 

1956 (23.3)

1178 (20.7)

 

2079 (22.0)

1055 (22.8)

 

 Married

3100 (72.0)

2892 (77.4)

4505 (74.5)

 

7917 (74.6)

2580 (74.2)

 

7519 (73.3)

2978 (77.8)

 

6137 (73.2)

4360 (76.4)

 

7150 (75.7)

3347 (72.1)

 

 Divorced

163 (3.8)

124 (3.3)

169 (2.8)

 

340 (3.2)

116 (3.3)

 

321 (3.1)

135 (3.5)

 

289 (3.5)

167 (2.9)

 

218 (2.3)

238 (5.1)

 

Education, n (%)

   

0.003

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  < University

2624 (61.0)

2234 (59.8)

3814 (63.1)

 

6438 (60.7)

2234 (64.2)

 

6038 (58.9)

2634 (68.8)

 

5022 (59.9)

3650 (64.0)

 

5406 (57.2)

3266 (70.4)

 

  ≥ University

1679 (39.0)

1503 (40.2)

2233 (36.9)

 

4171 (39.3)

1244 (35.8)

 

4219 (41.1)

1196 (31.2)

 

3360 (40.1)

2055 (36.0)

 

4041 (42.8)

1374 (29.6)

 

Current smoking, n (%)

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

 No

3290 (76.5)

2647 (70.8)

4082 (67.5)

 

7746 (73.0)

2273 (65.4)

 

7499 (73.1)

2520 (65.8)

 

6256 (74.6)

3763 (66.0)

 

6232 (66.0)

3787 (81.6)

 

 Yes

1013 (23.5)

1090 (29.2)

1965 (32.5)

 

2863 (27.0)

1205 (34.6)

 

2758 (26.9)

1310 (34.2)

 

2126 (25.4)

1942 (34.0)

 

3215 (34.0)

853 (18.4)

 

Current drinking, n (%)

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

 No

3532 (82.1)

2869 (76.8)

4583 (75.8)

 

8377 (79.0)

2607 (75.0)

 

8169 (79.6)

2815 (73.5)

 

6763 (80.7)

4221 (74.0)

 

7032 (74.4)

3952 (85.2)

 

 Yes

771 (17.9)

868 (23.2)

1464 (24.2)

 

2232 (21.0)

871 (25.0)

 

2088 (20.4)

1015 (26.5)

 

1619 (19.3)

1484 (26.0)

 

2415 (25.6)

688 (14.8)

 

Physical activity g, n (%)

  

0.010

  

0.007

  

0.403

  

0.227

  

0.000

 Not active

3576 (83.1)

3018 (80.8)

5011 (82.9)

 

8687 (81.9)

2918 (83.9)

 

8433 (82.2)

3172 (82.8)

 

6932 (82.7)

4673 (81.9)

 

7552 (79.9)

4053 (87.3)

 

 Active

727 (16.9)

719 (19.2)

1036 (17.1)

 

1922 (18.1)

560 (16.1)

 

1824 (17.8)

658 (17.2)

 

1450 (17.3)

1032 (18.1)

 

1895 (20.1)

587 (12.7)

 

Western dietary pattern, n (%)

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.061

  

0.000

  

0.000

 Q1

1212 (28.1)

942 (25.2)

1367 (22.6)

 

2796 (26.3)

725 (20.8)

 

2616 (25.5)

905 (23.6)

 

2234 (26.7)

1287 (22.5)

 

2164 (32.9)

1357 (29.3)

 

 Q2

1148 (26.7)

970 (25.9)

1404 (23.2)

 

2712 (25.6)

810 (23.3)

 

2578 (25.1)

944 (24.7)

 

2155 (25.7)

1367 (24.0)

 

2376 (25.2)

1146 (24.7)

 

 Q3

1032 (24.0)

914 (24.5)

1576 (26.1)

 

2609 (24.6)

913 (26.3)

 

2537 (24.8)

985 (25.7)

 

2044 (24.4)

1478 (25.9)

 

2468 (26.1)

1054 (22.7)

 

 Q4

911 (21.2)

911 (24.4)

1700(28.1)

 

2492 (23.5)

1030 (29.6)

 

2526 (24.6)

996 (26.0)

 

1949 (23.3)

1573 (27.6)

 

2439 (25.8)

1083 (23.3)

 

Prudent dietary pattern, n (%)

  

0.003

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.000

  

0.034

 Q1

1032 (24.0)

901 (24.1)

1588 (26.3)

 

2584 (24.4)

937 (26.9)

 

2476 (21.1)

1045 (27.3)

 

2016 (24.0)

1505 (26.4)

 

2311 (24.5)

1210 (26.1)

 

 Q2

1038 (24.1)

946 (25.3)

1538 (25.4)

 

2602 (24.5)

920 (26.5)

 

2552 (24.9)

970 (25.3)

 

2051 (24.5)

1471 (25.8)

 

2346 (24.8)

1176 (25.3)

 

 Q3

1130 (26.3)

906 (24.3)

1486 (24.6)

 

2696 (25.4)

826 (23.7)

 

2622 (25.6)

900 (23.5)

 

2153 (25.7)

1369 (24.0)

 

2425 (25.7)

1097 (23.7)

 

 Q4

1103 (25.6)

984 (26.3)

1435 (23.7)

 

2727 (25.7)

795 (22.9)

 

2607 (25.4)

915 (23.9)

 

2162 (25.8)

1360 (23.8)

 

2356 (25.0)

1157 (24.9)

 

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.42 ± 0.57

1.21 ± 0.44

1.13 ± 0.41

0.000

1.28 ± 0.51

1.11 ± 0.39

0.000

1.27 ± 0.51

1.15 ± 0.40

0.000

1.32 ± 0.52

1.12 ± 0.40

0.000

1.20 ± 0.48

1.31 ± 0.50

0.000

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.17 ± 1.14

3.22 ± 1.11

3.20 ± 1.15

0.282

3.21 ± 1.14

3.16 ± 1.13

0.055

3.20 ± 1.15

3.20 ± 1.11

0.722

3.20 ± 1.13

3.20 ± 1.15

0.922

3.18 ± 1.16

3.24 ± 1.10

0.002

TC (mmol/L)

5.59 ± 0.72

5.54 ± 0.76

5.55 ± 0.80

0.006

5.57 ± 0.75

5.52 ± 0.81

0.000

5.56 ± 0.75

5.54 ± 0.83

0.169

5.56 ± 0.74

5.55 ± 0.81

0.410

5.54 ± 0.77

5.60 ± 0.76

0.000

TG (mmol/L)

1.41 ± 0.74

1.81 ± 0.83

2.01 ± 0.85

0.000

1.67 ± 0.82

2.10 ± 0.85

0.000

1.66 ± 0.82

2.08 ± 0.86

0.000

1.58 ± 0.80

2.06 ± 0.85

0.000

1.80 ± 0.85

1.72 ± 0.85

0.000

FPG (mmol/L)

5.90 ± 0.98

5.95 ± 0.82

6.11 ± 1.06

0.000

5.94 ± 0.84

6.21 ± 1.29

0.000

5.91 ± 0.67

6.26 ± 1.50

0.000

5.90 ± 0.79

6.15 ± 1.19

0.000

5.97 ± 0.86

6.08 ± 1.18

0.000

  1. BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, WHtR waist-to-height ratio, HDL-C high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, FPG fasting plasma glucose
  2. aData are presented as the mean ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables
  3. bLow WC < 90 cm for men and < 80 cm for women, high WC ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women
  4. cLow WHR < 0.9 for men and < 0.8 for women, high WHR ≥ 0.9 for men and ≥ 0.8 for women
  5. dLow WHtR < 0.5, high WHtR ≥0.5
  6. eLow body fat ≤30% for men and ≤ 25% for women, high body fat > 30% for men and > 25% for women
  7. fP-values were derived from general linear regression for continuous variables and from chi-square test for categorical variables
  8. gNot active < 150 min/week, active ≥150 min/week
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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