From: Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V | Model VI | Model VII |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | |
Birth weight | |||||||
Low birthweighta | 2.30 (1.68–3.14)* | 2.28 (1.65–3.14)* | 2.29 (1.65–3.16)* | 2.15 (1.56–2.99)* | 2.15 (1.55–2.98)* | 2.15 (1.56–2.99)* | 2.16 (1.56–2.99)* |
Normal and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sex of the child | |||||||
Male | 1.23 (0.99–1.52) | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Age | |||||||
6–11 | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | 0.74 (0.48–1.16) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 0.69 (0.43–1.10) | 0.68 (0.43–1.09) | 0.68 (0.43–1.10) | |
12–23 | 0.98 (0.69–1.41) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | |
24–35 | 0.98 (0.68–1.42) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.88 (0.62–1.29) | 0.88 (0.60–1.28) | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | 0.88 (0.60–1.28) | |
36–47 | 1.24 (0.87–1.78) | 1.23 (0.86–1.77) | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) | 1.20 (0.83–1.72) | 1.19 (0.83–1.72) | |
48–59 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Multiple births | |||||||
Single births | 0.88 (0.41–1.90) | 0.89 (0.41–1.92) | 0.85 (0.40–1.83) | 0.89 (0.42–1.90) | 0.89 (0.42–1.90) | 0.88 (0.41–1.90) | |
Twins | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Preceding birth interval | |||||||
< 24 | 1.20 (0.87–1.65) | 1.20 (0.87–1.64) | 1.11 (0.73–1.67) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | |
24–47 | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 1.06 (0.75–1.51) | 1.06 (0.74–1.50) | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | |
48+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Recent diarrheab | |||||||
No | 0.86 (0.63–1.16) | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) | ||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Recent feverc | |||||||
No | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.99 (0.77–1.29) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | ||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Maternal age | |||||||
15–19 | 0.64 (0.33–1.26) | 0.62 (0.32–1.22) | 0.62 (0.31–1.22) | 0.61 (0.31–1.21) | |||
20–24 | 1.01 (0.68–1.52) | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | 1.00 (0.66–1.49) | 0.98 (0.66–1.47) | |||
25–29 | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | 0.73 (0.48–1.12) | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | |||
30–34 | 0.82 (0.54–1.27) | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | |||
35–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maternal education levels | |||||||
No education | 1.16 (0.73–1.84) | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 1.10 (0.70–1.74) | |||
Primary | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 0.96 (0.65–1.45) | 0.95 (0.64–1.41) | |||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maternal body mass indexd | |||||||
Underweight | 3.40 (1.93–5.97)* | 3.55 (2.03–6.20)* | 3.52 (2.01–6.14)* | 3.52 (2.02–6.13)* | |||
Optimal weight | 1.54 (1.03–2.32)* | 1.57 (1.05–2.34)* | 1.57 (1.05–2.35)* | 1.56 (1.04–2.34)* | |||
Overweight/obesity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Wealth index | |||||||
Poorest | 1.74 (1.00–3.03)* | 1.76 (1.01–3.07)* | 1.77 (1.01–3.14)* | 1.76 (0.95–3.24) | |||
Poorer | 1.47 (0.84–2.55) | 1.46 (0.83–2.56) | 1.48 (0.83–2.63) | 1.46 (0.79–2.71) | |||
Middle | 1.37 (0.76–2.47) | 1.35 (0.75–2.45) | 1.36 (0.75–2.48) | 1.34 (0.70–2.55) | |||
Richer | 1.17 (0.64–2.12) | 1.17 (0.65–2.14) | 1.19 (0.65–2.18) | 1.17 (0.62–2.20) | |||
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
No of under-5-year children | |||||||
≤ 1 | 0.57 (0.38–0.91)* | 0.58 (0.38–0.90)* | 0.59 (0.38–0.90)* | 0.59 (0.38–0.90)* | |||
2–3 | 0.51 (0.34–0.77)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.76)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.76)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.76)* | |||
≥ 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Amount of media exposuree | |||||||
0 | 3.02 (0.81–11.27) | 3.08 (0.82–11.58) | 3.14 (0.84–11.81) | 3.17 (0.84–11.92) | |||
1 | 2.73 (0.72–10.30) | 2.76 (0.73–10.51) | 2.81 (0.74–10.69) | 2.89 (0.76–11.00) | |||
2 | 1.39 (0.33–5.08) | 1.43 (0.34–6.07) | 1.45 (0.35–6.01) | 1.47 (0.35–6.18) | |||
3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Source of drinking water | |||||||
Unimproved | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) | 1.31 (0.97–1.78) | ||||
Improvedf | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sanitation facility | |||||||
Unimproved | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | ||||
Improvedg | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Place of delivery | |||||||
Home and other | 1.12 (0.76–1.66) | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) | |||||
Hospital/institutionh | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Perceived distance to health facility | |||||||
Perceived problem | 1.78 (0.84–1.39) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | |||||
Not perceived problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Place of residence | |||||||
Urban | 0.94 (0.51–1.72) | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | ||||||
Geographical region | |||||||
Northern | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | ||||||
Central | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | ||||||
Southern | 1.00 |