Table 4 Mean (standard deviation) food contents in the observed diets (i.e. mean observed diet) and in diets optimized with cost-constrained and cost-free models at three levels of acceptability constraintsa (n = 89 GSb)
Foods / food groups (grams/day) | Observed diet | Rigorous | Moderate | Flexible | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost constrained | Cost free | Cost constrained | Cost free | Cost constrained | Cost free | ||
FV, legumes, seeds | |||||||
Leafy vegetables | 3.3 (4.2) | 7.5 (6.9) | 8.1 (7.6) | 7.3 (7.0) | 9.6 (8.5) | 12.1 (11.8) | 13.9 (13.1) |
Other vegetables | 112.9 (77.7) | 117.8 (73.1) | 206.8 (85.1) | 116.9 (71.2) | 252.2 (103.3) | 138.1 (80.7) | 213.4 (120.1) |
Tuber | 22.3 (15.7) | 34.3 (11.7) | 34.0 (11.8) | 34.0 (11.7) | 37.2 (14.4) | 38.2 (23.9) | 39.8 (22.8) |
Fruits | 69.1 (30.0) | 105.2 (29.3) | 122.3 (33.7) | 102.1 (29) | 142.1 (35.8) | 172.5 (58.8) | 171.7 (55.7) |
Beans | 183.4 (71.9) | 224.5 (40.2) | 223.7 (42.8) | 224.3 (40.3) | 242.1 (43) | 291.4 (30.4) | 290.7 (34.3) |
Nuts | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.6) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.7) |
Cereals | |||||||
Rice | 161.2 (55.6) | 117 (46.4) | 94.3 (31.9) | 114.2 (48.1) | 84.1 (15.4) | 92.6 (28.5) | 86.4 (19.7) |
Whole cereals | 8.4 (12.7) | 13.5 (13) | 9.8 (11.3) | 13.6 (12.9) | 11.4 (14.3) | 29.1 (26.6) | 30.7 (26.5) |
Pasta | 43.4 (22.2) | 53.5 (17.3) | 48.8 (17.1) | 53.5 (16.9) | 43.5 (20.9) | 60.1 (25.2) | 48.4 (28.9) |
Cake, cookies | 27.1 (10.4) | 28.8 (10.6) | 27.7 (10.7) | 26.5 (12.1) | 25.8 (13.3) | 16.8 (10.2) | 18.8 (11.9) |
Breads | 53.4 (24.4) | 44.4 (20.5) | 35.7 (20.1) | 43.2 (21.3) | 27.3 (17.7) | 27.2 (16.7) | 23.7 (13.0) |
Dairy | |||||||
Cheese | 3.3 (3.2) | 3.8 (3.6) | 4.2 (3.5) | 4.4 (3.4) | 3.7 (4.2) | 3.2 (4.3) | 3.1 (4.3) |
Yogurt | 5.8 (6.2) | 9.1 (7.0) | 11.8 (7.4) | 10.9 (7.5) | 13.5 (8.2) | 18.0 (13.5) | 16.2 (12.6) |
Non-fat milk | 4.4 (7.5) | 9.3 (7.9) | 9.1 (7.9) | 9.3 (7.9) | 11.4 (8.6) | 16.5 (12.6) | 17.8 (12.6) |
Milk | 74.2 (40.9) | 99.7 (33.4) | 98.5 (32.0) | 104.6 (31.2) | 113.1 (38.4) | 138.9 (52.6) | 149.5 (45.9) |
Meats, eggs | |||||||
Red meat | 78.5 (24.4) | 75.3 (24.7) | 71.2 (17.7) | 69.8 (21.5) | 68.7 (16.9) | 65.3 (14.9) | 65.3 (14.3) |
Chicken | 39.4 (13.2) | 38.6 (10.8) | 40.8 (12.8) | 44.8 (10.4) | 39.6 (13.9) | 48.9 (20) | 46.7 (18.7) |
Processed meat | 5.7 (4.5) | 6.1 (4.3) | 4.3 (4.6) | 5.9 (4.4) | 4.0 (4.8) | 7.6 (5.9) | 5.9 (5.7) |
Eggs | 14.5 (6.9) | 16.8 (5.8) | 16.9 (5.6) | 16.9 (5.6) | 19.2 (5.0) | 22.3 (6.2) | 21.7 (6.7) |
Fish, seafoods | 45.5 (62.1) | 44.8 (58.6) | 66.9 (64.0) | 44.5 (59.1) | 69.8 (63.6) | 36.1 (58.8) | 61.5 (69.6) |
Oils | |||||||
Margarine, butter | 6.0 (3.0) | 3.8 (2.5) | 3.8 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.7) | 2.9 (2.1) | 3.3 (1.9) | 3 (2.2) |
Olive | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) |
Other | |||||||
SSB c | 98.7 (56.0) | 54.3 (37.1) | 87.0 (60.1) | 51.8 (34.3) | 88.0 (67.1) | 41.0 (16.3) | 47.1 (32.1) |
Snacks | 51.1 (36.0) | 68.5 (38.3) | 71.7 (35.7) | 68.7 (38.8) | 77.2 (35.4) | 58.2 (44.3) | 59.1 (43.4) |
Sweets | 41.7 (39.4) | 24.5 (33.1) | 26.8 (32.6) | 25.2 (33.1) | 20.4 (28.1) | 14.2 (18.5) | 15.3 (20.0) |
Manioc flour | 16.5 (26.9) | 22.0 (27.1) | 16.5 (22.7) | 21.6 (26.9) | 15.0 (20.8) | 20.9 (22.4) | 15.2 (18.8) |
Mean observed cost (US$) | 2.16 (0.37) | 2.16 (0.37) | 2.70 (0.41) | 2.16 (0.37) | 2.90 (0.48) | 2.16 (0.37) | 2.60 (0.69) |