Paleo diet | Control diet | Evaluation of dietary intake | |
---|---|---|---|
Boers et al., 2014 [30] | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits, vegetables (dark green and cruciferous) and roots. Excluded: cereals, dairy products, legumes, salt, sugar and refined fat. | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: according to Guidelines for a healthy diet of the Dutch Health Council. | Daily food record with telephone contact every other day. |
Boraxbekk et al., 2015 [26] | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal):1.698 (235) Protein (%): 24 (2) Lipid (%): 44 (4) Carbohydrate (%): 28 (3) Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits. Excluded: not informed. | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal): 1.676 (364) Protein (%): 19 (1) Lipid (%): 30 (6) Carbohydrate (%): 45 (6) Included: according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with low-fat dairy products and high-fiber products. Excluded: not informed. | Food record for 4 days, at the beginning and at 6 months of intervention. |
Genoni et al., 2016 [41] | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal): 5915 (1452) Protein (%): 26.8 (7.2) Lipid (%): 39.8 (9.6) Carbohydrate (%): 27.8 (8.05) Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Excluded: cereals, grains, dairy products, legumes and potatoes. | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal): 6657 (1725) Protein (%): 21.7 (5.6) Lipid (%): 32.6 (7.3) Carbohydrate (%): 40.6 (9.4) Included: five food groups according to Australian dietary recommendations; higher intake of vegetables, fruits and whole products; consumption of low-fat dairy products; Reduced foods: fat, cakes, cookies, sugary drinks and sweets. | Food record for 3 days (2 days per week and one weekend day) before starting the intervention and at days 26–28 after the intervention. |
Jonsson et al., 2009 [37] | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal):1445 (367) Protein (%): 24 (3) Lipid (%): 39 (5) Carbohydrate (%): 32 (7) Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits, vegetables (dark green, cruciferous), roots, canola oil, olive oil and wine. Excluded: grains, bakery products, dairy products, legumes, salt, sugar, sugary drinks, refined fat, and beer. | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal):1456 (312) Protein (%): 20 (4) Lipid (%): 34 (6) Carbohydrate (%): 42 (7) Included: fruits, vegetables, whole bread and other whole grains, and legumes. Reduced foods: total fat and salt. | Food record for four consecutive days (including a weekend day), beginning sex weeks after the start of intervention. |
Lindeberg et al., 2007 [40] | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal): 1344 (521) Protein (%):27.9 (6.8) Lipid (%):26.9 (6.4) Carbohydrate (%):40.2 (8.3) Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Excluded: grains, dairy products, salt, sugar and refined fat. | Centesimal composition: Energy (Kcal):1795 (306) Protein (%): 20.5 (3.6) Lipid (%): 24.7 (4.3) Carbohydrate (%):51.7 (5.3) Included: according to the Mediterranean Diet, based on fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and refined fats, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid. | Food registration during four consecutive days (including a weekend day), beginning 15 ± 5 days after the start of intervention. |
Otten et al., 2016 [23] | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: fish, seafood, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits and vegetables Excluded: cereals, dairy products, legumes, salt and sugar. | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with increased intake of fish, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, meat. Dairy products should be low in fat. | Food records during 4 days (3 days a week and one weekend) performed two to 4 days after the start of intervention, monthly up to 6 months and then, at nine, 12, 18 and 24 months. |
Pastore et al., 2015 [14] | Centesimal composition: Women: Energy (Kcal): women 1719.7 (262.7); men 2101.8 (382.2) Protein (%): 37 Lipid (%):40 Carbohydrate (%): 23 Included: lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Excluded: grains, dairy products and legumes. | Centesimal composition: Women: Energy (Kcal): 2269 (310.5) Protein (%): 17 Lipid (%): 23 Carbohydrate (%): 60 Men: Energy (Kcal): 2866.1 (262.7) Protein (%):21 Lipid (%):23 Carbohydrate (%):56 Included: diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains with little or no salt and fish at least twice a week. Reduced food: sugary foods and drinks. | From a series of ten 24-h reminders recorded at the beginning and during each phase of the diet. |
Fontes-Vilalba et al., [42] | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables (leafy and cruciferous), eggs and nuts. Excluded: dairy, grains, legumes, refined fats, sugar, sweets, soft drinks, beer and salt. | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: higher intake of vegetables, fruits, roots, whole bread and other whole grains and legumes. Reduced food: total fat, and more unsaturated fat and salt. | Not informed. |
Stomby et al., [27] | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: fish, lean meat, eggs, nuts, fruits, vegetables and roots. Excluded: not informed. | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, low-fat dairy products and high-fiber products. | Food registration during 4 days (3 days a week and one weekend) performed two to 4 days after the start of intervention, monthly up to 6 months and then at nine, 12, 18 and 24 months. |
Blomquist C, et al. 2017 [43] | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: lean meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits, red fruits, nuts, avocados and oils. Excluded: dairy products, cereals, added salt, refined fats and sugar. | Centesimal composition: not informed. Included: according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products. Excluded: not informed. | Estimated food records during 4 days at baseline, 6 months and 24 months. |
Blomquist C, et al. 2018 [44] | Centesimal composition: Not informed. Included: lean meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, avocado, rapeseed oil and olive oil. Excluded: dairy, cereal, salt, refined fat and refined sugar. | Centesimal composition: Not informed. Included: according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations with meat, fish, vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products. Excluded: not informed. | Not informed. |